This issue reviews the clinical presentation of influenza in children, offers guidance for infection control measures, and provides recommendations for the evaluation and management of suspected influenza and its complications in pediatric patients. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Included as part of the 4 credits, this CME activity is eligible for 4 Infectious Disease CME. CME expires on 01/01/2024.

This issue reviews updates of the best practices in neonatal resuscitation, describes over over-arching goals, and offers evidence-based recommendations for management of newborns who need resuscitation. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. CME expires on 12/01/2023

This issue reviews the signs and symptoms, evaluation, and treatment of seven pediatric head and neck infections. Conditions reviewed include mastoiditis, sinusitis, Ludwig angina, peritonsillar abscess, retropharyngeal abscess, Lemierre syndrome, and acute suppurative thyroiditis. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Included as part of the 4 credits, this CME activity is eligible for 4 Infectious Disease CME and 1 Pharmacology CME credits. CME expires on 11/01/2023.

This issue discusses types of supraglottic airway devices that are commonly used in pediatric patients, reviews indications and techniques for placement, and provides evidence-based recommendations for their use. The use of supraglottic airway devices in the patient with a difficult airway is also discussed. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. CME expires on 10/01/2023

Lack of knowledge of appropriate care and interactions with transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) youth can negatively affect the quality of emergency care a patient receives. This issue provides recommendations for caring for TGD children and adolescents in the ED and reviews the benefits and complications of social, medical, and surgical affirmation. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Included as part of the 4 credits, this CME activity is eligible for 4 Ethics CME credits. CME expires on 09/01/2023

This issue provides a review of the primary forms of noninvasive ventilation used in pediatric patients (high-flow nasal cannula, continuous positive airway pressure, and bilevel positive airway pressure), indications for their use in the ED, and evidence-based recommendations for their use in the management of various disease processes. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. CME expires on 08/01/2023

This issue reviews indications for mechanical ventilation and offers recommendations for initial ventilator settings and management of ventilated pediatric patients, with a focus on patient populations in whom the approach to mechanical ventilation may be different. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. CME expires on 07/01/2023

This Pediatric Trauma EXTRA CME supplement (free to Pediatric Emergency Medicine Practice subscribers) reviews the management of burn injuries in pediatric patients. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Included as part of the 4 credits, this CME activity is eligible for 4 Trauma CME credits. CME expires on 6/30/2023.

Summary and review of the results of a survey of 65 pediatric emergency department leaders in the U.S. and Canada.

This Pediatric EXTRA supplement describes the epidemiology, reviews presenting features, and offers management recommendations for COVID-19 in pediatric patients. It includes a discussion of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) associated with COVID-19, as well as other aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic that are affecting children and families. (No CME)

This issue reviews common presentations and causes of neonatal seizures, provides recommendations for management in the ED, and evaluates the evidence regarding antiepileptic medications for neonates. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Included as part of the 4 credits, this CME activity is eligible for 2 Pharmacology CME credits. CME expires on 06/01/2023

This issue describes typical clinical presenting features associated with common and life-threatening marine envenomations and provides recommendations for management of marine envenomations based on the envenomating creature and the geographic location. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. CME expires on 04/01/2023.

This issue provides a review of common etiologies of failure to thrive and offers recommendations for the management of patients with failure to thrive, with a focus on which diagnostic studies should be obtained and when they are warranted. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. CME expires on 03/01/2023.

This issue provides a review of physical examination findings associated with eating disorders (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa) and offers recommendations for treatment of acute complications of eating disorders, with a specific focus on the pathophysiology and management differences between a patient with an eating disorder and an otherwise healthy patient. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. CME expires on 02/01/2023.

This Pediatric Trauma EXTRA CME supplement (free to Pediatric Emergency Medicine Practice subscribers) provides evidence-based recommendations for the evaluation and management of pediatric patients who present with blunt abdominal trauma. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Included as part of the 4 credits, this CME activity is eligible for 4 Trauma CME credits. CME expires on 1/15/2023.

This issue reviews common and life-threatening skin rashes with fever in children, offers guidance for differentiating the types of infections based on signs and symptoms, discusses indications for diagnostic studies, and provides recommendations for treatment of pediatric skin rash with fever in the emergency department. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Included as part of the 4 credits, this CME activity is eligible for 4 Infectious Disease CME and 0.5 Pharmacology CME credits. CME expires on 01/01/2023.

This issue provides an evidence-based approach for the evaluation and management of pediatric patients with septic arthritis and/or osteomyelitis and offers guidance for appropriate antibiotic treatment. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Included as part of the 4 credits, this CME activity is eligible for 4 Infectious Disease CME and 0.5 Pharmacology CME credits. CME expires on 12/01/2022.

This issue reviews common causes of ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke in children, offers guidance for differentiating stroke from its mimics, discusses indications for diagnostic studies, and provides recommendations for treatment of pediatric stroke in the emergency department. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Included as part of the 4 credits, this CME activity is eligible for 4 Stroke CME and 0.25 Pharmacology CME credits. CME expires on 11/01/2022.

This issue reviews risk factors for apnea and severe bronchiolitis; discusses treatments and therapies such as oxygen supplementation, fluid administration, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, high-flow nasal cannula, and continuous positive airway pressure; and provides evidence-based recommendations for the management of pediatric patients with bronchiolitis. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Included as part of the 4 credits, this CME activity is eligible for 0.5 Pharmacology CME credits. CME expires on 10/01/2022.

This issue provides guidance for the management of children with appendicitis, including recommendations for diagnostic studies, pain management, prophylactic antibiotics, and surgical consultation. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. CME expires on 09/01/2022.

This issue reviews pain assessment scales for preverbal patients (eg, the FLACC scale) and for self-reporting by patients and discusses pediatric pain management using nonpharmacologic techniques; topical, local, and regional anesthesia; and systemic agents (eg, acetaminophen, NSAIDs, and opioids). Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Included as part of the 4 credits, this CME activity is eligible for 2 Pharmacology CME and 4 Pain Management CME credits. CME expires on 08/01/2022.

This Pediatric Trauma EXTRA CME supplement (free to Pediatric EM Practice subscribers) reviews common indications for diagnostic POCUS in pediatric trauma. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Included as part of the 4 credits, this CME activity is eligible for 4 Trauma CME credits. CME expires on 07/15/2022.

Febrile young infants, even those who are well-appearing, are at high risk for serious bacterial infections. This issue provides evidence-based guidance for determining which febrile young infants require a full sepsis workup and offers recommendations for the management of these patients in the emergency department. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Included as part of the 4 credits, this CME activity is eligible for 4 Infectious Disease CME credits. CME expires on 07/01/2022.

This issue reviews the criteria for diagnosing a pediatric patient with anaphylaxis and offers evidence-based recommendations for first- and second-line treatment, including the use of epinephrine, antihistamines, and corticosteroids. Biphasic reactions and fatal anaphylaxis are also discussed. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Included as part of the 4 credits, this CME activity is eligible for 2 Pharmacology CME credits. CME expires on 06/01/2022.

This issue offers an evidence-based approach to the management of pediatric patients who present with penetrating trauma to the torso (including gunshot wounds and stab wounds). Guidance and recommendations for the physical examination, primary survey, and secondary survey are provided. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Included as part of the 4 credits, this CME activity is eligible for 4 Trauma CME credits. CME expires on 05/01/2022.

Distinguishing bacterial pneumonia from viral pneumonia is critical to providing effective treatment but remains a significant challenge. This issue provides guidance for the management of pediatric community-acquired pneumonia as well as associated complications including pleural effusion/empyema. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Included as part of the 4 credits, this CME activity is eligible for 0.5 Pharmacology CME and 4 Infectious Disease CME credits. CME expires on 04/01/2022.

Although pediatric hypertension is increasing in incidence, it often goes unrecognized in asymptomatic patients. This issue provides recommendations to ensure that asymptomatic patients with hypertension receive appropriate testing and referrals and that patients with a true hypertensive emergency are managed appropriately. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Included as part of the 4 credits, this CME activity is eligible for 1 Pharmacology CME credit. CME expires on 03/01/2022.

This issue provides recommendations for the evaluation and management of common as well as life-threatening obstetric and gynecologic emergencies. Psychosocial and confidentiality issues pertaining to adolescent sexual health services are also discussed. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Included as part of the 4 credits, this CME activity is eligible for 0.5 Infectious Disease, 0.5 Pharmacology, and 0.25 Sexual Assault CME credits. CME expires on 02/01/2022.

Appropriate management of cold injuries depends on their severity. This issue offers guidance for determining the severity of cold injuries and provides recommendations for the management of pediatric patients with hypothermia, frostbite, and frostnip. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. CME expires on 01/01/2022.

This issue reviews the highest-risk bioterrorism agents including anthrax, botulism, plague, smallpox, tularemia, and viral hemorrhagic fevers (eg, Ebola); provides guidance for diagnosing and managing pediatric patients who have been exposed to these agents; and reviews available resources that can provide support during a bioterrorism crisis. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Included as part of the 4 credits, this CME activity is eligible for 4 Infectious Disease CME and 1.5 Pharmacology CME credits. CME expires on 12/1/2021

This issue provides guidance on how to determine whether a patient has bacterial meningitis versus viral meningitis, when a lumbar puncture is indicated, which antibiotics are recommended, and when they should be started. It also reviews evidence on the use of biomarkers such as procalcitonin to detect serious bacterial infections. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Included as part of the 4 credits, this CME activity is eligible for 4 Infectious Disease CME and 2 Pharmacology CME credits. CME expires on 11/1/2021

This issue reviews the most common traumatic genital injuries (straddle injuries, hematomas, and impalement injuries) and nontraumatic genital emergencies (imperforate hymen and urethral prolapse), and provides evidence-based recommendations for their management in the ED. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Included as part of the 4 credits, this CME activity is eligible for 2 Trauma CME credits. CME expires on 10/01/2021.

This issue reviews the presentation of common tick-borne illnesses and provides recommendations for their diagnosis and management in the ED. Tick-borne illnesses discussed in this issue include: Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, ehrlichiosis, anaplasmosis, babesiosis, tularemia, tick-borne relapsing fever, Colorado tick fever, and tick paralysis. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Included as part of the 4 credits, this CME activity is eligible for 4 Infectious Disease CME and 1.5 Pharmacology CME credits. CME expires on 9/1/2021

Key aspects of managing pediatric dental trauma involve determining whether the affected dentition is primary or permanent and knowing which injuries need emergent intervention. This issue reviews common pediatric dental injuries and provides a systematic emergency medicine-based approach for appropriate evaluation and management of injuries including a fractured tooth, a luxated tooth, and an avulsed tooth. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Included as part of the 4 credits, this CME activity is eligible for 4 Trauma CME and 0.5 Pharmacology CME credits. CME expires on 8/1/2021

The signs and symptoms of thyroid disease in children are vague and nonspecific, which can make accurate and timely diagnosis challenging. This issue reviews common presentations for emergencies of thyroid function and anatomy, including hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, thyroid nodules, and thyroid trauma, and provides evidence-based recommendations for evaluation and treatment of patients with various thyroid emergencies. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Included as part of the 4 credits, this CME activity is eligible for 0.5 Pharmacology CME credits. CME expires on 7/1/2021

When a child with multiple traumatic injuries presents to the ED, a systematic approach to evaluation and management will ensure that no major injuries are missed. This issue provides recommendations for early recognition of serious injuries, utilization of proper diagnostic studies, and rapid stabilization of injuries, which are key to reducing morbidity and mortality. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Included as part of the 4 credits, this CME activity is eligible for 4 Trauma CME credits. CME expires on 06/01/2021.

The continually changing chemical formulations of synthetic drugs makes recognition and diagnosis of intoxication from these substances challenging. This issue outlines common presentations of intoxication from synthetic cannabinoids, cathinones, and phenethylamines and summarizes best practices for evaluating and managing patients who present with intoxication after consumption of these synthetic drugs of abuse. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Included as part of the 4 credits, this CME activity is eligible for 3 Pharmacology CME credits. CME expires on 5/1/2021

Whether you are at the referring facility, the accepting facility, or part of the transport team, communication and coordination during emergency transport are essential to ensuring the best possible outcomes for patients. This issue discusses the process of interfacility transfer, the role of the emergency clinicians involved with the transfer, and commonly used diagnostic studies and treatments needed during interfacility transfers of pediatric patients. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. CME expires 04/01/2021.

Although corticosteroids have been used for over half a century, their use for management of many pediatric conditions is controversial. This issue reviews the evidence-based role of corticosteroid use for management of acute asthma exacerbations, croup, acute pharyngitis, anaphylaxis, acute spinal injury, and bacterial meningitis. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Included as part of the 4 credits, this CME activity is eligible for 4 Pharmacology CME credits. CME expires on 3/1/2021

This issue reviews the common etiologies of acute gastroenteritis, discusses more-severe conditions that should be considered in the differential diagnosis, and provides evidence-based recommendations for management of acute gastroenteritis in patients with mild-to-moderate dehydration, severe dehydration, and hypoglycemia. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Included as part of the 4 credits, this CME activity is eligible for 1 Pharmacology CME credits. CME expires on 2/1/2021

This issue reviews medical pathologies and underlying causes that can result in psychiatric presentations and summarizes evidence-based practices to evaluate, manage, and refer patients with behavioral health emergencies. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Included as part of the 4 credits, this CME activity is eligible for 4 Behavioral Health CME and 1 Pharmacology CME credits. CME expires on 1/1/2021

This issue reviews the signs and symptoms of GAS pharyngitis, as well as associated complications, and provides recommendations for appropriate treatment that focuses on reducing the severity and duration of symptoms, reducing the incidence of nonsuppurative complications, and reducing transmission. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Included as part of the 4 credits, this CME activity is eligible for 4 Infectious Disease CME and 0.5 Pharmacology CME credits. CME expires on 12/1/2020

This issue discusses the most common as well as the life-threatening etiologies of acute and chronic stridor and its management in the emergency department. (No CME for this activity).

This issue reviews evidence-based recommendations for wound care and management, including wound cleansing and irrigation, anxiolysis/sedation techniques, closure methods, and post-repair wound care. (No CME for this activity).

This issue reviews the etiology and pathophysiology of child-specific fractures, as well as common injuries of the upper and lower extremities. Evidence-based recommendations for management of pediatric fractures, including appropriate diagnostic studies and treatment, are also discussed. (No CME for this activity).

This issue presents evidence-based recommendations and best practices in heat-illness resuscitation, including managing children who are obese, have special needs or take medications, and advocacy for prevention strategies. (No CME for this activity).

This issue provides guidance regarding factors that contribute to abuse in children, key findings on history and physical examination that should trigger an evaluation for physical abuse, and laboratory and radiologic tests to perform when child abuse is suspected. (No CME for this activity).

In this issue, the indications and complications of peripheral intravenous access, intraosseous access, and central venous access are reviewed. (No CME for this activity).

Outcome-oriented information and guidance to help emergency physicians diagnose and stage kidney injury, monitor intravascular volume status, avoid nephrotoxic medication exposure, and know when to involve a pediatric nephrologist once acute kidney injury is diagnosed. (No CME for this activity).

Differential diagnosis and treatment of pediatric syncope in the emergency department, including spotting red flags for cardiac syncope. (No CME for this activity).

Guidelines on diagnosing and treating primary spontaneous pneumothorax and secondary pneumothorax in children, including high-risk situations such as tension physiology and the range of interventions available to the emergency physician. (No CME for this activity).

Diagnosis and recommended emergency room treatment and management of diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus, including isolation protocol and obtaining diphtheria antitoxin from the CDC. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Included as part of the 4 credits, this CME activity is eligible for 4 Infectious Disease CME and 1 Pharmacology CME credits. CME expires on 3/1/2020

Altered level of consciousness in a child can have many causes, some life-threatening. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Included as part of the 4 credits, this CME activity is eligible for 0.5 Pharmacology CME credits. CME expires on 1/1/2020

Recognize the distinctive features of rashes associated with measles, rubella, and varicella; identify children at risk for severe complications; and evaluate treatment options. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Included as part of the 4 credits, this CME activity is eligible for 4 Infectious Disease CME credits. CME expires on 12/01/2019.

Emergency room management of common acute complications of sickle cell disease in children: Vaso-occlusive crisis, acute chest syndrome, stroke, priapism, and transient red cell anemia; and guidelines for rapid pain treatment of VOC. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Included as part of the 4 credits, this CME activity is eligible for 0.5 Pharmacology CME credits. CME expires on 11/1/2020

This issue discusses methods to maintain adequate oxygenation, maximize management of intracranial hypertension, and optimize blood pressure in the emergency department to improve neurologic outcomes following pediatric severe traumatic brain injury. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Included as part of the 4 credits, this CME activity is eligible for 4 Trauma CME and 1 Pharmacology CME credits. CME expires on 10/1/2019

This review discusses the limitations of routine pulse oximetry and carboxyhemoglobin measurement in determining carbon monoxide exposure, and notes effects of co-ingestions and comorbidities.

This issue focuses on the clinical evaluation and treatment of patients with acute rheumatic fever by offering a thorough review of the literature on diagnosis and recommendations on appropriate treatment. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Included as part of the 4 credits, this CME activity is eligible for 2 Infectious Disease CME and 0.25 Pharmacology CME credits. CME expires on 8/1/2019

Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a severe multisystem disease. Prehospital personnel, hospitals, and clinicians must be prepared to provide care for patients with EVD, with special attention to rigorous infection control in order to limit the spread of infection. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Included as part of the 4 credits, this CME activity is eligible for 0.5 Pharmacology CME credits. CME expires on 7/1/2019

This issue will review the adult literature and the available pediatric literature comparing ultrasound guidance to more traditional approaches. Methods for using ultrasound guidance to perform various procedures, and the pitfalls associated with each procedure, will also be described.

This review focuses on the recognition and initial management of patients with undiagnosed congenital heart disease presenting to the ED and touches on considerations for postoperative infants and children with complex congenital heart disease. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Included as part of the 4 credits, this CME activity is eligible for 0.5 Pharmacology CME credits. CME expires on 5/1/2019

This issue provides a review of these studies as well as consensus guidelines addressing the initial resuscitation, diagnosis, and treatment of common pediatric ingestions. Also discussed are current recommendations for decontamination, administration of antidotes for specific toxins, and management of ingested foreign bodies. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Included as part of the 4 credits, this CME activity is eligible for 3 Pharmacology CME credits. CME expires on 4/1/2019

This issue reviews current approaches to prehospital immobilization, identification of low-risk patients who may be clinically cleared from immobilization, a rational approach to the use of radiologic imaging, and the existing evidence for medical management of spinal cord injuries.

This review summarizes the literature on complications of ventriculoperitoneal shunts, examines the literature regarding the workup and management of patients with ventriculoperitoneal shunts, and makes recommendations for the management of these patients in the emergency department.

This issue focuses on common indications for diagnostic ultrasound, as found in the pediatric literature or extrapolated from adult literature where pediatric evidence is scarce.

Identifies common organisms that cause catheter-associated bloodstream infections, provides guidelines for empiric antibiotic therapy for children with central venous catheters, and discusses signs and symptoms of sepsis. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. CME expires on 12/01/2018.

Reviews the use of chest tubes and pigtail catheters in pediatric patients with pleural space diseases like pneumothorax, trauma, and parapneumonic effusions and empyema; techniques for placement; and complications. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. CME expires on 11/01/2018.

Diagnosis and treatment of inhaled foreign bodies, including appropriate imaging tests, discussion of flexible and rigid bronchoscopy, and guidelines for consultation with otolaryngology, pulmonary, or surgical specialists. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. CME expires on 10/01/2018.

Guidelines for treating pediatric patients with bleeding disorders in the emergency room, including factor replacement therapy for hemophilia A and B, demopressin for von Willebrand disease, and how clotting factor inhibitors changes treatment. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Included as part of the 4 credits, this CME activity is eligible for 1 Pharmacology CME credits. CME expires on 09/01/2018.

Describes 3 types of video laryngoscopic devices for pediatric patients, the benefits and drawbacks of specific video laryngoscopes, and the challenges of video laryngoscopy compared to traditional laryngoscopy. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. CME expires on 08/01/2018.

Reviews signs and symptoms of myocarditis and pericarditis in children, diagnostic tests, and treatment strategies for both conditions. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Included as part of the 4 credits, this CME activity is eligible for 1.5 Pharmacology CME credits. CME expires on 07/01/2018.

Best approaches to managing common problems with enteral feeding tubes, tracheostomies, and ventricular shunts, and in sedating a pediatric patient with autism or developmental delays. Includes 4 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Included as part of the 4 credits, this CME activity is eligible for 0.75 Pharmacology CME credits. CME expires on 06/01/2018.

This issue of Emergency Medicine Practice will focus on the recognizing and managing Septic Shock

This issue of Pediatric Emergency Medicine Practice will focus on the emergency department management of seizures in pediatric patients.

This issue of Pediatric Emergency Medicine Practice will focus on the management of children with skin and soft-tissue infections, based on the current literature.

This issue reviews the presentation, diagnostic criteria, and management of Kawasaki disease in the emergency department. Emergency clinicians should consider Kawasaki disease as a diagnosis in pediatric patients presenting with prolonged fever, as prompt evaluation and management can significantly decrease the risk of serious cardiac sequelae.

This issue of Pediatric Emergency Medicine Practice discusses common differential diagnoses of upper gastrointestinal bleeding and the initial clinical evaluation and management of children with a suspected upper gastrointestinal bleed.

A systematic approach in the emergency department, as outlined in this review, is required to identify the serious causes of vomiting in the neonate.

This review will outline the current literature regarding evaluation and management of pediatric patients who present to the emergency department with hematuria. Obtaining a thorough history and the appropriate diagnostic tests will be discussed in depth.

This review presents the basic epidemiology of bites and stings of spiders, bees and wasps, fire ants, scorpions, and snakes, but it primarily focuses on the underlying pathophysiology and clinical presentation of the envenomated patient. While the pathophysiology and much of the presentation and treatment are the same for both children and adults, there are occasionally subtle differences, which will be highlighted. The management and disposition of pediatric patients for each type of bite or sting will also be discussed.

This review goes over complications and diagnostic challenges that the emergency clinician must be cognizant of when evaluating inflammatory bowel disease.

In this review, passive external, active external, and active internal rewarming techniques for treatment of hypothermic patients are discussed.

This review will discuss the epidemiology, natural history, and pathophysiology of urinary tract infections in children. Pertinent history and physical examination findings as well as the diagnostic and treatment modalities will be examined, with the goal of providing updated evidence on the varied options in managing a patient once diagnosed.

In this issue, we will review crying as a chief complaint in the emergency department setting and provide a systematic and practical approach to the evaluation of crying infants.

In this issue, a systematic approach to the workup and treatment of a child who presents with possible acute hematogenous osteomyelitis is discussed. The most critical components of the history and physical examination, diagnostic studies, and treatment options are reviewed, including algorithms to guide management. Special populations are given consideration throughout the discussion, and management algorithms are provided.

This issue reviews the common clinical presentations of the herpes simplex virus, the life-threatening infections that require expedient identification and management, and recommended treatment regimens.

This issue reviews the current state of pediatric readiness in emergency departments, the necessary steps to ensure day-to-day readiness, the published guidelines for pediatric readiness, and systems-based innovations in pediatric readiness.

This review examines the effects of blunt trauma to the pediatric chest, as well as its relevant etiologies and associated mortality. Diagnostic and treatment options for commonly encountered injuries such as pulmonary contusions, rib fractures, and pneumothoraces are examined. Additionally, this review discusses rarely encountered-yet highly lethal-chest wall injuries such as blunt cardiac injuries, commotio cordis, nonaccidental trauma, and aortic injuries.

This issue of Pediatric Emergency Medicine Practice discusses the indications, contraindications, techniques, and cutting-edge technology available for peripheral nerve blocks through an examination of the current literature.

This month's issue of Pediatric Emergency Medicine Practice will address the management of electrical injuries in the pediatric patient.

A critical appraisal of the existing guidelines for the management of motor vehicle trauma and for the use of appropriate child-safety restraints is presented.

This issue reviews the broad differential of primary and secondary headaches in the pediatric emergency department, summarizes effective strategies for diagnosis, and evaluates the current evidence supporting safe, appropriate treatment.

This issue reviews the technology and physiology involved in measuring exhaled carbon dioxide and the interpretation of waveforms, and it highlights uses for capnography in pediatric patients in the emergency department.

This review focuses specifically on evaluation and treatment of pediatric asthma in the emergency department and reviews the current evidence for various modes of treatment.

This issue of Pediatric Emergency Medicine Practice will present evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis of AOM and will review the efficacy of different treatment modalities.

This review will acquaint emergency medicine clinicians with the pathophysiology, treatment, and potential complications of this disorder.

This issue of Pediatric Emergency Medicine Practice presents an updated and systematic analysis of key principles regarding the pediatric airway, including newly recognized tips regarding preoxygenation and prevention of desaturation during airway management, the latest on the use of pretreatment, induction, and paralytic agents in pediatric RSI, and highlights the potential pitfalls of tracheal intubation with direct and video laryngoscopy.

This review identifies the causes of pediatric obesity and addresses the comorbidities of pediatric obesity in the emergency department, including impairments in patients' physical and emotional quality of life.

This review evaluates the literature on 4 biomarkers, including: (1) erythrocyte sedimentation rate, (2) C-reactive protein, (3) interleukin-6, and (4) procalcitonin, and reviews these biomarkers' diagnostic ability when applied to 4 common pediatric clinical scenarios, including: (1) acute meningitis, (2) serious bacterial infection, (3) appendicitis, and (4) septic arthritis.

An evidence-based evaluation of various agents of procedural sedation is presented in this review.

This review looks at the evidence on diagnosing ovarian torsion, focusing particularly on diagnostic imaging modalities and the major guideline recommendations to effectively differentiate ovarian torsion from the many other possible causes of abdominal pain in the pediatric female.

This issue of Pediatric Emergency Medicine Practice will review the epidemiology and pathophysiology of pediatric rhinosinusitis, review current guidelines differentiating viral and bacterial rhinosinusitis, and offer recommendations on appropriate therapies for treating this common condition.

This issue examines existing literature on constipation, though few randomized double-blind, controlled clinical trials of good quality existed in the literature until recently.

This issue of Pediatric Emergency Medicine Practice will review the common differential diagnoses of LGI bleeding in children younger than 5 years of age, relying on the best available evidence from the literature.

This issue of Pediatric Emergency Medicine Practice will discuss the evaluation and management of pediatric patients with MTBI using the best available evidence from the literature. In addition to discussing a variety of recent studies, we will also review management practice guidelines from the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American College of Emergency Physicians, and the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia.

This month's issue of Pediatric Emergency Medicine Practice will delve into the problem of the male with a possible TOSC. The authors examine existing literature to develop a strong strategy for clinicians that explains what to do and when to do it in the diagnosis and treatment of TOSC.

This review discusses the most common pediatric respiratory emergencies and their management. A detailed discussion of the entire spectrum of respiratory illness in children is beyond the scope of this text. Rather, the review presents an updated, systematic approach to management with careful attention to the relevant existing evidence.

This issue of Pediatric Emergency Medicine Practice reviews the diagnosis and management of these uncommon disorders, which, if left untreated, can cause significant morbidity.

This issue of Pediatric Emergency Medicine Practice provides the results of these evidencebased studies and the most up-to-date guidelines to assist the emergency clinician in caring for pediatric patients presenting with jaundice.

This issue of Pediatric Emergency Medicine Practice will discuss recognition of the causes as well as general and disease-specific means of stabilizing the critically ill neonatal patient.

There is a broad consensus in favor of less invasive procedures and more conservative management of traumatic renal injuries if the patient is stable; the exception would be cases of severe injury, such as injury to the vascular pedicle or complete laceration of the ureteropelvic junction.

In this issue of Pediatric Emergency Medicine Practice we discuss when medical child abuse (MCA) should be considered in the differential diagnosis. By definition, MCA occurs when a child undergoes or receives unwarranted medical care at the hands of a caretaker.

This issue of Pediatric Emergency Medicine Practice discusses Dehydration In The Pediatric Patient

Nearly all pediatricians avail themselves to pediatric advanced life support (PALS) training and certification. Most of us blindly accept the PALS guidelines as being true and unquestioningly commit them to memory. But is there evidence that PALS works? Who comes up with these guidelines and how do they do it? How do these guidelines work and what happens after the initial resuscitation steps have been completed? This article addresses these questions.

This issue of Pediatric Emergency Medicine examines approaches to the pediatric patient Practice who presents to the ED with a metabolic emergency and identifies areas where diagnostic and therapeutic strategies fall short from an evidence-based perspective.

This issue of Pediatric Emergency Medicine Practice reviews the available research on mammalian bite wounds in children to help the emergency clinician choose a strategy for managing the care of their pediatric patients.

This issue of Pediatric Emergency Medicine Practice focuses on the challenge of evaluating and treating the pediatric patient who presents with a fever and neutropenia. A discussion of chemotherapy- induced neutropenia is included in the Special Circumstances section at the end of the article.

Given the possible severe sequelae of enteroviral infection in neonates, this issue of Pediatric Emergency Medicine Practice explores the controversy of taking an evidence-based approach. The clinical presentation of enteroviral infection and the potential complications arising from the infection will be described. Furthermore, the diagnostic evaluation of the newborn baby including the utility of viral studies and treatment availability will be discussed.

This article reviews recent literature on the evaluation and management of infants presenting with accidental injuries. We will discuss the frequent circumstances and pathophysiology of injury, describe the differential diagnosis of the infant trauma victim, and review the workup and definitive management of accidental injuries in this patient population.

Because the potential consequences can be so devastating, this issue of Pediatric Emergency Medicine Practice will provide a comprehensive overview of pediatric pulmonary hypertension, with particular attention to diagnosis and acute management. An understanding of the pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertension is fundamental to the ability to recognize and treat these patients and will be reviewed in great detail.

This issue of Pediatric Emergency Medicine Practice explores the challenge of implementing injury prevention in the acute care setting through an evaluation of evidence from the literature. The goal is to differentiate evidence-based methods from theoretical ones and to provide practical tools and advice to the practicing emergency care provider.

The skilled emergency clinician will not dismiss the complaint of chest pain because of the impression that it is rarely serious. While it is true that most children complaining of chest pain do not have a life-threatening condition, there are notable exceptions. The mandate of the emergency physician is to identify the child with a life-threatening condition in a sea of benignity. The purpose of this article, therefore, is to present an overview of the many causes of chest pain in children which should be considered, even if most can be excluded through a careful history and physical exam.

Fever is a common presenting complaint among pediatric patients, accounting for approximately 20% of emergency department (ED) visits by children. Hence, management of the febrile child is a challenge faced by emergency physicians on a daily basis. Despite the fact that the vast majority of children with fever have self-limited viral illnesses, there is a finite number who may harbor serious bacterial illnesses (SBIs), and, in many cases, these patients are clinically indistinguishable from the rest. The emergency physician's challenge is to identify and treat those children who have SBIs while avoiding overtreatment with antibiotics of those without SBIs, thereby limiting the propagation of antimicrobial resistance.

This month's issue continues the review of skin related infections by discussing mycotic causes, Lyme disease, pediculosis, and warts.

This article discusses specific common dermatologic entities within the broad categories of infectious disease, eczematous disorders, inflammatory disease, and neoplastic disease.

This issue of Pediatric Emergency Medicine Practice focuses on screening for DV/IPV in the pediatric ED.

This evidence-based Pediatric Emergency Medicine Practice article will discuss eye injuries in children and provide practice tips on evaluating these patients.

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This article will discuss airway obstructing infectious diseases, such as epiglottitis, tracheitis, croup, diphtheria and several of the deep neck abscesses: sore throats that truly kill.

In this issue of Pediatric Emergency Medicine Practice, we will review the available evidence on the evaluation of a child with a non traumatic limp.

In this issue of Pediatric Emergency Medicine PRACTICE, we will review an evidence-based approach to the evaluation and management of children with tachyarrhythmias.

This issue of Pediatric Emergency Medicine PRACTICE focuses on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of diseases in the returning international child traveler who presents with fever.

In this issue of Pediatric Emergency Medicine PRACTICE, we will present an approach to pediatric shock based, as far as possible, on the available evidence.

In this issue of Pediatric Emergency Medicine PRACTICE, I will review pediatric out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest and discuss the utility of pediatric PAD programs based on the available evidence.

EVERY emergency physician has been confronted with similar cases of suspected child abuse. However, recognition of child sexual abuse by professionals did not occur consistently until the 1980s. Child sexual abuse is defined as involvement in sexual activities by a dominant or more powerful person with a dependent, developmentally immature child or adolescent for the dominant person's own sexual stimulation, or for the gratification of other persons, as in child pornography or prostitution.