Procedural Bedside Ultrasound In Pediatric Patients: Peripheral Lines, Central Lines, Lumbar Punctures, Pericardiocentesis | EB Medicine
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Procedural Ultrasound In Pediatric Patients: Techniques And Tips For Accuracy And Safety

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Table of Contents
 
Table of Contents
  1. Abstract
  2. Introduction
  3. Ultrasound-Guided Peripheral Venous Access
    1. Case Presentations
    2. Critical Appraisal of the Literature
    3. Introduction
    4. Procedure
      1. Static Technique
      2. Dynamic Technique
        • Out-Of-Plane Approach
        • In-Plane Approach
        • Combination Of The Out-Of-Plane And In-Plane Approaches
    5. Anatomical Considerations When Placing A Peripheral Line
    6. Case Conclusion
  4. Ultrasound-Guided Central Venous Access
    1. Case Presentation
    2. Critical Appraisal Of The Literature
    3. Introduction
      1. Anatomic Relationships Of Arteries And Veins
      2. Internal Jugular Vein Placement
      3. Femoral Vein Placement
    4. Procedure
      1. Static Technique
      2. Dynamic Technique
        • Out-Of-Plane Approach
        • In-Plane Approach
        • Wire-In-Needle Modified Seldinger Technique
    5. Additional Considerations When Placing A Central Line
    6. Case Conclusion
  5. Ultrasound-Guided Lumbar Puncture
    1. Case Presentation
    2. Critical Appraisal Of The Literature
    3. Introduction
    4. Procedure
    5. Additional Considerations When Performing A Lumbar Puncture
    6. Case Conclusion
  6. Ultrasound-Guided Bladder Catheterization
    1. Case Presentation
    2. Critical Appraisal Of The Literature
    3. Introduction
    4. Procedure
    5. Additional Considerations When Performing Bladder Catheterization
    6. Case Conclusion
  7. Ultrasound-Guided Foreign Body Removal
    1. Case Presentation
    2. Critical Appraisal Of The Literature
    3. Introduction
    4. Procedure
    5. Additional Considerations When Removing Foreign Bodies
    6. Case Conclusion
  8. Ultrasound-Guided Pericardiocentesis
    1. Case Presentation
    2. Critical Appraisal Of The Literature
    3. Introduction
    4. Procedure
    5. Additional Considerations When Performing Pericardiocentesis
    6. Case Conclusion
  9. Ultrasound-Guided Paracentesis
    1. Case Presentation
    2. Critical Appraisal Of The Literature
    3. Introduction
    4. Procedure
    5. Additional Considerations When Performing Paracentesis
    6. Case Conclusion
  10. Summary
  11. Time- And Cost-Effective Strategies
  12. Figures
    1. Figure 1. Static Technique To Identify A Peripheral Vein Under Ultrasound Guidance
    2. Figure 2. Identification Of 2 Points Along The Short Axis Of The Vein To Determine The Long Axis
    3. Figure 3. Using The Pythagorean Theorem To Determine The Depth Of Needle Insertion
    4. Figure 4. Long- And Short-Axis Positioning For Dynamic Vein Cannulation
    5. Figure 5. Deflection Of Anterior Vein Wall By Needle To Determine Needle Location
    6. Figure 6. Angiocatheter Placement Confirmed In Long-Axis View
    7. Figure 8. Differentiation Of An Artery From A Vein
    8. Figure 9. Hyperechoic And Fibrillated Appearance Of Nerves On Ultrasound
    9. Figure 10. Variability In The Relationship Between The Internal Jugular Vein And The Common Carotid Artery
    10. Figure 11. Effect Of The Valsalva Maneuver On The Internal Jugular Vein
    11. Figure 12. Using Ultrasound To Assess Guidewire Status
    12. Figure 13. Identification Of The Spinous Process With Ultrasound
    13. Figure 14. Determining The Sagittal Midline With Ultrasound
    14. Figure 15. Determining The Interspinous Space With Ultrasound
    15. Figure 16. Lumbar Puncture Needle Entry Site
    16. Figure 17. Determination Of The Depth Of The Ligamentum Flavum With Ultrasound
    17. Figure 18. Differentiation Of The Spinous Process From Transverse Process Using Ultrasound
    18. Figure 19. Measurement Of Bladder Width, Length, And Height
    19. Figure 20. 50-mL Bag Of Saline Used As An Acoustic Stand-Off Pad
    20. Figure 21. Metallic Foreign Body In A Finger, Visualized By Ultrasound
    21. Figure 22. Wooden Foreign Body In A Finger, Visualized By Ultrasound
    22. Figure 23. Subxiphoid View Of The Heart For Pericardiocentesis
    23. Figure 24. Apical View Of The Heart For Pericardiocentesis
    24. Figure 25. Parasternal Long View Of The Heart For Pericardiocentesis
    25. Figure 26. Pericardial Fluid On Ultrasound
    26. Figure 27. Pericardiocentesis Needle Insertion Using Ultrasound
    27. Figure 28. Loop Of Bowel Floating In Ascites In The Left Lower Quadrant
  13. References

Abstract

Point-of-care ultrasound is becoming more prevalent in pediatric emergency departments as a critical adjunct to both diagnosis and procedure guidance. It is cost-effective, safe for unstable patients, and easily repeatable as a patient's clinical status changes. Point-of-care ultrasound does not expose the patient to ionizing radiation and may obviate the need for procedural sedation. Because the use of point-of-care ultrasound in pediatric emergency medicine is relatively new, the body of literature evaluating its utility is small, but growing. Data from adult emergency medicine, radiology, critical care, and anesthesia evaluating the utility of ultrasound guidance must be extrapolated to pediatric emergency medicine. This issue will review the adult literature and the available pediatric literature comparing ultrasound guidance to more traditional approaches. Methods for using ultrasound guidance to perform various procedures, and the pitfalls associated with each procedure, will also be described.

Introduction

Bedside ultrasound, or point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS), is a critical adjunct to both diagnosis and procedure guidance, and its use is becoming more common in pediatric emergency departments (EDs).1,2 POCUS was first introduced to the ED more than 20 years ago. It is now widely used in adult emergency medicine, with abundant literature supporting its use. In 2001, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education mandated that emergency medicine residencies train residents in bedside ultrasound. Although less ubiquitous in the pediatric ED, its use and the pediatric emergency medicine literature supporting its use are rapidly increasing. More than 90% of pediatric emergency medicine fellowships now use bedside ultrasound.3 As of 2013, training in POCUS is an American Board of Pediatrics requirement for pediatric emergency medicine fellowship programs.4 In addition, consensus educational guidelines and a model curriculum have been published.5 The need for training and a curriculum in pediatric emergency medicine ultrasonography has been endorsed not only by the American Board of Pediatrics, but also by the American Academy of Pediatrics, Society of Academic Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, and the World Interactive Network Focused on Critical Ultrasound.6

Ultrasound is an ideal imaging modality in children for many reasons. Obtaining optimal ultrasound images in pediatric patients is easier because children are generally thinner and smaller than adults. POCUS is performed at the bedside and can be repeated as needed as a patient’s clinical condition changes. This portability adds a safety factor to POCUS, as potentially unstable patients do not need to go to the radiology suite for a formal radiological study. In addition, unlike computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging, bedside ultrasound allows caregivers and staff members from child life to remain with patients throughout the examination, which may obviate the need for sedation. Most importantly, ultrasound does not expose a child to any ionizing radiation.

This issue of Pediatric Emergency Medicine Practice will provide techniques and tips for the use of POCUS to guide various ED procedures including common procedures (ie, peripheral line placement, lumbar puncture, bladder catheterization, and foreign body removal) and procedures that are more rare and resuscitative (ie, central line placement, paracentesis, and pericardiocentesis).

Ultrasound-Guided Peripheral Venous Access

Case Presentation

A 10-month-old girl presents with vomiting and diarrhea for 3 days. She has had 10 to 15 episodes of nonbilious nonbloody emesis and 5 to 10 episodes of nonbloody diarrhea each day. Her mother brings her to the ED because she has had only 1 wet diaper in the past 12 hours. On examination, she is awake but appears tired. She is afebrile and mildly tachycardic. She cries when examined, but has no tears. Her mucous membranes are dry and her capillary refill is 3 seconds. The remainder of her examination is unremarkable and her bedside glucose is 103 mg/dL. You discuss with the mother the need for a peripheral line, IV fluids to rehydrate her daughter, and a blood draw to check electrolytes. The nurses attempt to place an IV line 3 times but are unsuccessful. They report difficulty finding a vein because the girl is dehydrated. What are your options now? Should you try to place the line using a traditional technique? Would placing a line under ultrasound guidance be faster and more likely to succeed? When placing an ultrasound-guided IV line, is it better to use ultrasound to mark a vein's location or to cannulate the vein using ultrasound guidance in real time? Are there certain vein characteristics you should note when choosing a vein to cannulate? Can any peripheral vein be used for ultrasound-guided line placement?

Critical Appraisal Of The Literature

A literature search was performed in PubMed, using the search terms ultrasound, peripheral, cannulation, access, and emergency, limited to human studies. This search yielded 49 articles, 12 of which were found to be relevant.

References

Evidence-based medicine requires a critical appraisal of the literature based upon study methodology and number of subjects. Not all references are equally robust. The findings of a large, prospective, randomized, and blinded trial should carry more weight than a case report.

To help the reader judge the strength of each reference, pertinent information about the study, such as the type of study and the number of patients in the study is included in bold type following the references, where available. The most informative references cited in this paper, as determined by the authors, are noted by an asterisk (*) next to the number of the reference.


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Publication Information
Author

Sophia Lin, MD, RDMS

Publication Date

June 2, 2016

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