Evidence-based medicine requires a critical appraisal of the literature based upon study methodology and number of subjects. Not all references are equally robust. The findings of a large, prospective, randomized, and blinded trial should carry more weight than a case report.

To help the reader judge the strength of each reference, pertinent information about the study, such as the type of study and the number of patients in the study will be included in bold type following the references, where available. The most informative references cited in this paper, as determined by the author, will be noted by an asterisk (*) next to the number of the reference.

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2. Westhorpe RN, Ball C. The history of capnography. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2010;38(4):611. (Historical)
3. Nagler J, Krauss B. Capnography: a valuable tool for airway management. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2008;26(4):881-897. (Review article)
4. Bhende M. Capnography in the pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1999;15(1):64-69. (Review article)
5. Sandlin D. Capnography for nonintubated patients: The wave of the future for routine monitoring of procedural sedation patients. Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing. 2002;17(4):277-281. (Review article)
6. Ortega R, Connor C, Kim S, et al. Monitoring ventilation with capnography. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(19):e27. (Review article)
7. Oridion. Microstream Capnography, Technology. 2008; http://www.oridion.com/assets/products/technology/ TechNote.pdf.
8. American College of Emergency Physicians. Verification of endotracheal tube placement. Ann Emerg Med. 2009;54(1):141-142. (Policy statement)
9. * American Heart Association. Highlights of the 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for CPR and ECC. 2010; http://www.heart.org/idc/groups/heart-public/@wcm/@ ecc/documents/downloadable/ucm_317350.pdf.
10. American Heart Association, American Academy of Pediatrics. 2005 American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and emergency cardiovascular care (ECC) of pediatric and neonatal patients: neonatal resuscitation guidelines. Pediatrics. 2006;117(5):e1029- 1038. (Practice guideline)
11. Committee ASaPP. American Society of Anesthesiologists Standards for Basic Anesthetic Monitoring. Committee of Origin: Standards and Practice Parameters, 2011; www. asahq.org/publications+services/standards.
12. American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Sedation and Analgesia by Non-Anesthesiologists. Practice guidelines for sedation and analgesia by non-anesthesiologists. Anesthesiology. 2002;96(4):1004-1017.
13. Cote CJ, Wilson S. Guidelines for monitoring and management of pediatric patients during and after sedation for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures: an update. Pediatrics. 2006;118(6):2587-2602. (Practice guideline)
14. Godwin SA, Caro DA, Wolf SJ, et al. Clinical policy: procedural sedation and analgesia in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 2005;45(2):177-196. (Clinical policy statement)
15. O’Connor RE, Swor RA. Verification of endotracheal tube placement following intubation. National Association of EMS Physicians Standards and Clinical Practice Committee. Prehosp Emerg Care. 1999;3(3):248-250. (Clinical practice guideline)
16. Rosenberg DI, Moss MM. Guidelines and levels of care for pediatric intensive care units. Critical Care Medicine. 2004;32(10):2117-2127. (Clinical practice guideline)
17. Oridion. Standards Mandating Capnography Monitoring. 2010; http://www.multileadmedics.com/www.multileadmedics. com/Capnography_files/capnogrpahy%20 standards-final.pdf.
18. Vargo JJ, Cohen LB, Rex DK, et al. Position statement: Nonanesthesiologist administration of propofol for GI endoscopy. Gastroenterology. 2009;137(6):2161-2167. (Clinical practice guideline)
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20. White SJ, Slovis CM. Inadvertent esophageal intubation in the field: reliance on a fool’s “gold standard”. Acad Emerg Med. 1997;4(2):89-91. (Editorial)
21. Bair AE, Smith D, Lichty L. Intubation confirmation techniques associated with unrecognized non-tracheal intubations by pre-hospital providers. J Emerg Med. 2005;28(4):403- 407. (Retrospective cohort; 1643 patients)
22. Andersen KH, Hald A. Assessing the position of the tracheal tube. The reliability of different methods. Anaesthesia. 1989;44(12):984-985. (Randomized controlled trial; 40 patients)
23. Howells TH, Riethmuller RJ. Signs of endotracheal intubation. Anaesthesia. 1980;35(10):984-986. (Case report)
24. Kelly JJ, Eynon CA, Kaplan JL, et al. Use of tube condensation as an indicator of endotracheal tube placement. Ann Emerg Med. 1998;31(5):575-578. (Observational, comparative; 27 events)
25. Stirt JA. Endotracheal tube misplacement. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1982;10(3):274-276. (Case reports)
26. Anderson JL, Junkins E, Pribble C, et al. Capnography and depth of sedation during propofol sedation in children. Ann Emerg Med. 2007;49(1):9-13. (Prospective cohort; 125 patients)
27. Falk JL, Sayre MR. Confirmation of airway placement. Prehosp Emerg Care. 1999;3(4):273-278. (Review article)
28. Hogg K. Colourimetric CO2 detector compared with capnography for confirming ET tube placement. Emerg Med J. 2003;20(3):265-266. (Systematic review; 4 papers)
29. Keller WR, Biehler J, Linares MY, et al. False-positive colorimetric capnometry after ingestion of carbonated beverages. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2009;25(2):69-73. (Comparative; 8 models [human simulation])
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31. Grmec S. Comparison of three different methods to confirm tracheal tube placement in emergency intubation. Intensive Care Med. 2002;28(6):701-704. (Prospective comparative; 345 patients)
32. Guggenberger H, Lenz G, Federle R. Early detection of inadvertent oesophageal intubation: pulse oximetry vs. capnography. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1989;33(2):112-115. (Retrospective comparative; 21 patients)
33. Vaghadia H, Jenkins LC, Ford RW. Comparison of endtidal carbon dioxide, oxygen saturation and clinical signs for the detection of oesophageal intubation. Can J Anaesth. 1989;36(5):560-564. (Comparative study; 20 subjects)
34. Kleinman ME, Chameides L, Schexnayder SM, et al. Part 14: pediatric advanced life support: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation. 2010;122(18 Suppl 3):S876-S908. (Clinical practice guidelines)
35. Patel R, Lenczyk M, Hannallah RS, et al. Age and the onset of desaturation in apnoeic children. Can J Anaesth. 1994;41(9):771-774. (Observational; 50 patients)
36. Poirier MP, Gonzalez Del-Rey JA, McAneney CM, et al. Utility of monitoring capnography, pulse oximetry, and vital signs in the detection of airway mishaps: a hyperoxemic animal model. Am J Emerg Med. 1998;16(4):350-352. (Observational; 5 subjects)
37. Langhan ML, Ching K, Northrup V, et al. A randomized controlled trial of capnography in the correction of simulated endotracheal tube dislodgement. Acad Emerg Med. 2011;18(6):590-596. (Randomized controlled trial; 53 subjects)
38. Langhan ML, Auerbach M, Smith AN, et al. Improving detection by pediatric residents of endotracheal tube dislodgement with capnography: a randomized controlled trial. J Pediatr. 2012;160(6):1009-1014. (Randomized controlled trial; 27 subjects)
39. Silvestri S, Ralls GA, Krauss B, et al. The effectiveness of out-of-hospital use of continuous end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring on the rate of unrecognized misplaced intubation within a regional emergency medical services system. Ann Emerg Med. 2005;45(5):497-503. (Prospective observational; 248 patients)
40. Ahrens T, Sona C. Capnography application in acute and critical care. AACN Clin Issues. 2003;14(2):123-132. (Review article)
41. Tobias JD, Flanagan JF, Wheeler TJ, et al. Noninvasive monitoring of end-tidal CO2 via nasal cannulas in spontaneously breathing children during the perioperative period. Crit Care Med. 1994;22(11):1805-1808. (Prospective; 30 patients, 55 measurements)
42. Abramo TJ, Wiebe RA, Scott SM, et al. Noninvasive capnometry in a pediatric population with respiratory emergencies. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1996;12(4):252-254. (Prospective comparative study; 85 patients)
43. Davis DP, Dunford JV, Ochs M, et al. The use of quantitative end-tidal capnometry to avoid inadvertent severe hyperventilation in patients with head injury after paramedic rapid sequence intubation. J Trauma. 2004;56(4):808-814. (Prospective descriptive; 426 patients)
44. Helm M, Schuster R, Hauke J, et al. Tight control of prehospital ventilation by capnography in major trauma victims. Br J Anaesth. 2003;90(3):327-332. (Randomized controlled trial; 97 patients)
45. Holmes J, Peng J, Bair A. Abnormal end-tidal carbon dioxide levels on emergency department arrival in adult and pediatric intubated patients. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2012;16(2):210-216. (Prospective observational; 100 patients)
46. Tobias JD, Lynch A, Garrett J. Alterations of end-tidal carbon dioxide during the intrahospital transport of children. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1996;12(4):249-251. (Prospective; 12 patients, 1716 data points)
47. Garnett AR, Ornato JP, Gonzalez ER, et al. End-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. JAMA. 1987;257(4):512-515. (Prospective observational; 23 patients)
48. Gudipati CV, Weil MH, Bisera J, et al. Expired carbon dioxide: a noninvasive monitor of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circulation. 1988;77(1):234-239. (Comparative; 22 subjects)
49. Trevino RP, Bisera J, Weil MH, et al. End-tidal CO2 as a guide to successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a preliminary report. Crit Care Med. 1985;13(11):910-911. (Observational; 12 subjects)
50. Weil MH, Bisera J, Trevino RP, et al. Cardiac output and end-tidal carbon dioxide. Crit Care Med. 1985;13(11):907-909. (Comparative; 19 subjects)
51. Falk JL, Rackow EC, Weil MH. End-tidal carbon dioxide concentration during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. N Engl J Med. 1988;318(10):607-611. (Prospective observational; 10 patients)
52. Ornato JP, Garnett AR, Glauser FL. Relationship between cardiac output and the end-tidal carbon dioxide tension. Ann Emerg Med. 1990;19(10):1104-1106. (Prospective; 14 subjects)
53. Sayah AJ, Peacock WF, Overton DT. End-tidal CO2 measurement in the detection of esophageal intubation during cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med. 1990;19(8):857-860. (Comparative; 12 subjects)
54. Kodali BS. Capnography outside the operating rooms. Anesthesiology. 2013;118(1):192-201. (Review article)
55. Kalenda Z. The capnogram as a guide to the efficacy of cardiac massage. Resuscitation. 1978;6(4):259-263. (Case reports; 3 patients)
56. Ward KR, Menegazzi JJ, Zelenak RR, et al. A comparison of chest compressions between mechanical and manual CPR by monitoring end-tidal PCO2 during human cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med. 1993;22(4):669-674. (Randomized controlled trial, crossover; 15 patients)
57. Neumar RW, Otto CW, Link MS, et al. Part 8: adult advanced cardiovascular life support: 2010 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2010;122(18 Suppl 3):S729-S767. (Clinical practice guideline)
58. Sanders AB, Atlas M, Ewy GA, et al. Expired PCO2 as an index of coronary perfusion pressure. Am J Emerg Med. 1985;3(2):147-149. (Comparative; 8 subjects)
59. Lewis LM, Stothert J, Standeven J, et al. Correlation of endtidal CO2 to cerebral perfusion during CPR. Ann Emerg Med. 1992;21(9):1131-1134. (Comparative; 16 subjects)
60. Cantineau JP, Lambert Y, Merckx P, et al. End-tidal carbon dioxide during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in humans presenting mostly with asystole: a predictor of outcome. Crit Care Med. 1996;24(5):791-796. (Prospective cohort; 120 patients)
61. Callaham M, Barton C. Prediction of outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation from end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration. Crit Care Med. 1990;18(4):358-362. (Prospective cohort; 55 patients)
62. Grmec S, Klemen P. Does the end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2) concentration have prognostic value during out-ofhospital cardiac arrest? Eur J Emerg Med. 2001;8(4):263-269. (Prospective; 139 patients)
63. Sanders AB, Kern KB, Otto CW, et al. End-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. A prognostic indicator for survival. JAMA. 1989;262(10):1347- 1351. (Prospective; 34 patients)
64. Levine RL, Wayne MA, Miller CC. End-tidal carbon dioxide and outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 1997;337(5):301-306. (Prospective observational; 150 patients)
65. Einav S, Bromiker R, Weiniger CF, et al. Mathematical modeling for prediction of survival from resuscitation based on computerized continuous capnography: proof of concept. Acad Emerg Med. 2011;18(5):468-475. (Prospective cohort; 30 patients)
66. Berg RA, Henry C, Otto CW, et al. Initial end-tidal CO2 is markedly elevated during cardiopulmonary resuscitation after asphyxial cardiac arrest. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1996;12(4):245-248. (Prospective cohort; 40 subjects)
67. Grmec S, Lah K, Tusek-Bunc K. Difference in end-tidal CO2 between asphyxia cardiac arrest and ventricular fibrillation/ pulseless ventricular tachycardia cardiac arrest in the prehospital setting. Crit Care. 2003;7(6):R139-R144. (Prospective observational; 185 patients)
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72. Krauss B, Green SM. Procedural sedation and analgesia in children. The Lancet. 2006;367(9512):766-780. (Review article)
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76. Farmery AD, Roe PG. A model to describe the rate of oxyhaemoglobin desaturation during apnoea. Br J Anaesth. 1996;76(2):284-291.
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78. Xue FS, Luo LK, Tong SY, et al. Study of the safe threshold of apneic period in children during anesthesia induction. J Clin Anesth. 1996;8(7):568-574.
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80. Hart LS, Berns SD, Houck CS, et al. The value of endtidal CO2 monitoring when comparing three methods of conscious sedation for children undergoing painful procedures in the emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1997;13(3):189-193. (Randomized controlled trial; 42 patients)
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89. Cote CJ, Rolf N, Liu LM, et al. A single-blind study of combined pulse oximetry and capnography in children. Anesthesiology. 1991;74(6):980-987. (Randomized controlled trial, single-blind; 153 patients)
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