Evidence-based medicine requires a critical appraisal of the literature based upon study methodology and number of subjects. Not all references are equally robust. The findings of a large, prospective, randomized, and blinded trial should carry more weight than a case report.

To help the reader judge the strength of each reference, pertinent information about the study, such as
the type of study and the number of patients in the study, will be included in bold type following the reference, where available. In addition, the most informative references cited in the paper, as determined by the authors, will be noted by an asterisk (*) next to the number of the reference.

1. *Dronen S. Rapid-sequence intubation: A safe but ill-defined procedure. Acad Emerg Med 1999;6:1-2. (Editorial)
2. Sakles JC, Laurin EG, Rantapaa AA, et al. Airway management in the emergency department: A one-year study of 610 tracheal intubations. Ann Emerg Med 1998;31:325-332. (Prospective; 610 patients)
   
3. *Gerardi M, Sacchetti A, Cantor R, et al. Rapid-sequence intubation of the pediatric patient. Pediatric Emergency Medicine Committee of the American College of Emergency Physicians. Ann Emerg Med 1996;28:55-74. (Review)
   
4. Tayal VS, Riggs RW, Marx JA, et al. Rapid-sequence intubation at an emergency medicine residency: Success rate and adverse events during a two-year period. Acad Emerg Med 1999;6:31-37. (Observational, cohort; 596 patients)
   
5. Kerr ME, Weber BB, Sereika SM, et al. Effect of endotracheal suctioning on cerebral oxygenation in traumatic brain-injured patients [see comments]. Crit Care Med 1999;27(12):2776-2781.
   
6. *Dronen SC. Pharmacologic adjuncts to intubation. In: Roberts JR, Hedges JR. Clinical Procedures in Emergency Medicine. 2cd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1991:29-40. (Textbook)
   
7. Walls RM. Rapid-sequence intubation in head trauma. Ann Emerg Med 1993;22:1008-1013. (Letter)
   
8. Orebaugh SL. Succinylcholine: Adverse effects and alternatives in emergency medicine. Am J Emerg Med 1999;17:715-721. (Review)
   
9. Paston C, Sacchetti AD, Harris R. Infant and small child intubations in the community hospital emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care 1998;14:86.
10. Katz S, Sacchetti AD. Emergency airway management. AEP Journal 1996;3:1-14.
    
11. Thomas JL. Awake intubation. Indications, techniques and a review of 25 patients. Anaesthesia 1969;24(1):28-35.
    
12. Ma OJ, Bentley B II, Debehnke DJ. Airway management practices in emergency medicine residencies. Am J Emerg Med 1995;13:501-504. (Questionnaire; 91 participants)
    
13. Sakles JC, Laurin EG, Rantapaa AA, et al. Rocuronium for rapid sequence intubation of emergency department patients. J Emerg Med 1999;17:611-616. (Prospective; 288 patients)
    
14. *Li J, Murphy-Lavoie H, Bugas C, et al. Complications of emergency intubation with and without paralysis. Am J Emerg Med 1999; 17:141-143. (Prospective, comparative; 233 patients)
    
15. *Shatney CH, Brunner RD, Nguyen TQ. The safety of orotracheal intubation in patients with unstable cervical spine fracture or high spinal cord injury. Am J Surg 1995;170:676-9. (Prospective; 81 patients)
    
16. Beck GN, Masterson GR, Richards J, et al. Comparison of intubation following propofol and alfentanil with intubation following thiopentone and suxamethonium. Anaesthesia 1993;48:876-880. (Comparative, randomized, controlled)
    
17. McConaghy P, Bunting HE. Assessment of intubating conditions in children after induction with propofol and varying doses of alfentanil. Br J Anaesth 1994;73:596-599. (Randomized, controlled; 60 patients)
    
18. Grant S, Noble S, Woods A, et al. Assessment of intubating conditions in adults after induction with propofol and varying doses of remifentanil. Br J Anaesth 1998;81:540-543. (Prospective, double-blind; 180 patients)
    
19. Stevens JB, Wheatley L. Tracheal intubation in ambulatory surgery patients: Using remifentanil and propofol without muscle relaxants. Anesth Analg 1998;86:45-49. (Randomized, double-blind; 80 patients)
    
20. Woods AW, Grant S, Harten J, et al. Tracheal intubating conditions after induction with propofol, remifentanil and lignocaine. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1998;15:714-718. (Randomized, double-blind; 60 patients)
    
21. Stevens JB, Vescovo MV, Harris KC, et al. Tracheal intubation using alfentanil and no muscle relaxant: Is the choice of hypnotic important? Anesth Analg 1997;84:1222-1226. (Comparative, randomized, double-blind; 140 patients)
    
22. Hiller A, Klemola UM, Saarnivaara L. Tracheal intubation after induction of anaesthesia with propofol, alfentanil and lidocaine without neuromuscular blocking drugs in children. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1993;37:725-729. (Randomized, doubleblind; 90 patients)
    
23. Davidson JA, Gillespie JA. Tracheal intubation after induction of anaesthesia with propofol, alfentanil and i.v. lignocaine. Br J Anaesth 1993;70(2):163-166. (Comparative, randomized, double-blind; 60 patients)
    
24. Robinson DN, O'Brien K, Kumar R, et al. Tracheal intubation without neuromuscular blockade in children: a comparison of propofol combined either with alfentanil or remifentanil. Paediatr Anaesth 1998;8:467-471. (Randomized, controlled; 40 patients)
    
25. Schwab TM, Greaves TH. Cardiac arrest as a possible sequela of critical airway management and intubation. Am J Emerg Med 1998;16:609-612. (Case report; 2 patients)
    
26. Holley J, Jorden R. Airway management in patients with unstable cervical spine fractures. Ann Emerg Med 1989;18:1237- 1239. (Retrospective; 133 patients)
    
27. Rosen CL, Wolfe RE, Chew SE, et al. Blind nasotracheal intubation in the presence of facial trauma. J Emerg Med 1997;15:141-145. (Retrospective; 311 patients)
    
28. Roppolo LP, Vilke GM, Chan TC, et al. Nasotracheal intubation in the emergency department, revisited. J Emerg Med 1999;17(5):791-799. (Retrospective; 105 patients)
    
29. Holdgaard HO, Pedersen J, Schurizek BA, et al. Complications and late sequelae following nasotracheal intubation [see comments]. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1993;37(5):475- 480.
    
30. Liang BA, Cheng MA, Tempelhoff R. Efforts at intubation: cervical injury in an emergency circumstance? J Clin Anesth 1999;11:349-352.
    
31. Ivy EM, Cohn SM. Addressing the myths of cervical spine injury management. Am J Emerg Med 1997;15;591-595.
    
32. *Norwood S, Myers MB, Butler TJ. The safety of emergency neuromuscular blockade and orotracheal intubation in the acutely injured trauma patient. J Am Coll Surg 1994;179:646-652. (Retrospective; 229 patients)
    
33. *Mateer JR, Olson DW, Stueven HA, et al. Continuous pulse oximetry during emergency endotracheal intubation. Ann Emerg Med 1993;22:675-679. (Prospective, comparative; 191 patients)
    
34. *O'Connor RE, Swor RA. Verification of endotracheal tube placement following intubation. National Association of EMS Physicians Standards and Clinical Practice Committee. Prehosp Emerg Care 1999;3:248-250. (Review)
    
35. Falk JL, Sayre MR. Confirmation of airway placement. Prehosp Emerg Care 1999;3:273-278. (Review)
    
36. Baraka AS, Taha SK, Aouad MT, et al. Preoxygenation: Comparison of maximal breathing and tidal volume breathing techniques. Anesthesiology 1999;91(3):612-616. (Comparative, randomized, controlled; 56 patients)
    
37. *Mallampati SR, Gatt SP, Gugino LD, et al. A clinical sign to predict difficult tracheal intubation: a prospective study. Can Anaesth Soc J 1985;32:429-434. (Prospective; 210 patients)
    
38. Naguib M, Malabarey T, AlSatli RA, et al. Predictive models for difficult laryngoscopy and intubation. A clinical, radiologic and three-dimensional computer imaging study. Can J Anaesth 1999;46(8):748-759. (56 patients)
    
39. Kindler CH, Schumacher PG, Schneider MC, et al. Effects of intravenous lidocaine and/or esmolol on hemodynamic responses to laryngoscopy and intubation: A double-blind, controlled clinical trial. J Clin Anesth 1996;8(6):491-496. (Randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled; 90 patients)
    
40. Lev R, Rosen P. Prophylactic lidocaine use preintubation: A review. J Emerg Med 1994;12(4):499-506. (Review)
    
41. Bulow K, Nielsen TG, Lund J. The effect of topical lignocaine on intubating conditions after propofol-alfentanil induction. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1996;40:752-756. (Randomized, controlled, double-blind; 60 patients)
    
42. Silber SH. Rapid sequence intubation in adults with elevated intracranial pressure: A survey of emergency medicine residency programs. Am J Emerg Med 1997;15:263-267. (Review)
    
43. Zemenick RB. Pretreatment intravenous lidocaine for intubation of the asthmatic patient: More data are needed. Anesthesiology 1999;91:318-9. (Letter)
    
44. Groeben H, Silvanus MT, Beste M. Combined intravenous lidocaine and inhaled salbutamol protect against bronchial hyperractivity more effectively than lidocaine or salbutamol alone. Anesthesiology 1998;89:862-868. (Randomized, controlled, double-blind; 15 patients)
    
45. Groeben H, Silvanus MT, Beste M, et al. Both intravenous and inhaled lidocaine attenuate reflex bronchoconstriction but at different plasma concentrations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;159:530-534. (Randomized, controlled, double-blind; 15 patients)
    
46. Whyte S, Birrell G, Wyllie J. Premedication before intubation in UK neonatal units. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2000;82:F38-41. (Telephone survey; 239 units)
    
47. McAuliffe G, Bissonnette B, Boutin C. Should the routine use of atropine before succinylcholine in children be reconsidered? Can J Anaesth 1995;42:724-729. (Comparative, randomized, controlled; 41 patients)
    
48. Barrington KJ, Byrne PJ. Premedication for neonatal intubation. Am J Perinatol 1998;15:213-216. (Comparative, cohort; 269 patients)
    
49. Johnson KL, Cheung RB, Johnson SB, et al. Therapeutic paralysis of critically ill trauma patients: Perceptions of patients and their family members. Am J Crit Care 1999;8:490- 498. (22 patients)
    
50. *Sivilotti ML, Ducharme J. Randomized, double-blind study on sedatives and hemodynamics during rapid-sequence intubation in the emergency department: The SHRED. Ann Emerg Med 1998;31:313-324. (Prospective, randomized, double-blind; 86 patients)
    
51. Wang HE, O'Connor RE, Megargel RE, et al. The utilization of midazolam as a pharmacologic adjunct to endotracheal intubation by paramedics. Prehosp Emerg Care 2000;4:14-18. (Retrospective; 72 midazolam-facilitated intubations)
    
52. *Smith DC, Bergen JM, Smithline H, et al. A trial of etomidate for rapid sequence intubation in the emergency. J Emerg Med 2000;18:13-6. (Prospective; 34 patients)
    
53. Sokolove P, Price D, Okada P. The safety of etomidate for emergency rapid sequence intubation of pediatric patients. Pediatr Emerg Care 2000;16:18-21. (Retrospective; 100 patients)
    
54. Bekker AY, Mistry A, Ritter AA, et al. Computer simulation of intracranial pressure changes during induction of anesthesia: comparison of thiopental, propofol, and etomidate. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 1999;11:69-80. (Computer model)
    
55. Mi WD, Sakai T, Takahashi S, et al. Haemodynamic and electroencephalograph responses to intubation during induction with propofol or propofol/fentanyl. Can J Anaesth 1998;45:19-22. (Comparative, randomized, controlled; 24 patients)
    
56. el-Beheiry H, Kim J, Milne B, et al. Prophylaxis against the systemic hypotension induced by propofol during rapidsequence intubation. Can J Anaesth 1995;42:875-878. (Random ized, controlled; 36 patients)
    
57. Sperry RJ, Bailey PL, Reichman MV, et al. Fentanyl and sufentanil increase intracranial pressure in head trauma patients [see comments]. Anesthesiology 1992;77(3):416-420. (Randomized, controlled, double-blind; 9 patients)
    
58. Glass PS, Gan TJ, Howell S. A review of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remifentanil. Anesth Analg 1999;89:S7-14. (Review)
    
59. Rosow CE. An overview of remifentanil. Anesth Analg 1999;89:S1-3. (Review)
    
60. O'Hare R, McAtamney D, Mirakhur RK, et al. Bolus dose remifentanil for control of haemodynamic response to tracheal intubation during rapid sequence induction of anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 1999;82:283-285. (Randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled; 80 patients)
    
61. Williams AR, Bailey M, Joye T, et al. Marked prolongation of the succinylcholine effect two hours after neostigmine reversal of neuromuscular blockade in a patient with chronic renal insufficiency. South Med J 1999;92:77-79. (Case report)
    
62. Vinik HR. Intraocular pressure changes during rapid sequence induction and intubation: A comparison of rocuronium, atracurium, and succinylcholine. J Clin Anesth 1999;11:95-100. (Prospective, comparative, randomized, controlled; 45 patients)
    
63. Alexander R, Hill R, Lipham WJ, et al. Remifentanil prevents an increase in intraocular pressure after succinylcholine and tracheal intubation. Br J Anaesth 1998;81:606-607. (Randomized, controlled, double-blind; 30 patients)
    
64. Minton MD, Grosslight K, Stirt JA, et al. Increases in intracranial pressure from succinylcholine: Prevention by prior nondepolarizing blockade. Anesthesiology 1986;65(2):165-169.
65. Kovarik WD, Mayberg TS, Lam AM, et al. Succinylcholine does not change intracranial pressure, cerebral blood flow velocity, or the electroencephalogram in patients with neurologic injury. Anesth Analg 1994;78(3):469-473. (Review)
    
66. Boortz-Marx R. Factors affecting intracranial pressure: A descriptive study. J Neurosurg Nurs 1985;17(2):89-94.
    
67. Motamed C, Choquette R, Donati F. Rocuronium prevents succinylcholine-induced fasciculations. Can J Anaesth 1997;44:1262-1268. (Randomized, controlled, double-blind; 60 patients)
    
68. Koenig KL. Rapid-sequence intubation of head trauma patients: Prevention of fasciculations with pancuronium versus minidose succinylcholine. Ann Emerg Med 1992;21:929-932. (Prospective, randomized, double-blind; 46 patients)
    
69. Atherton DP, Hunter JM. Clinical pharmacokinetics of the newer neuromuscular blocking drugs. Clin Pharmacokinet 1999;36:169-189. (Review)
    
70. Smith I, Saad RS. Comparison of intubating conditions after rocuronium or vecuronium when the timing of intubation is judged by clinical criteria. Br J Anaesth 1998;80:235-237. (Randomized, double-blind)
    
71. Everett LL. Newer drugs in pediatric anesthesia. Semin Pediatr Surg 1999;8:6-12. (Review)
    
72. Heier T, Caldwell JE. Rapid tracheal intubation with large-dose rocuronium: A probability-based approach. Anesth Analg 2000;90(1):175-179. (60 patients)
    
73. Kirkegaard-Nielsen H, Caldwell JE, Berry PD. Rapid tracheal intubation with rocuronium: A probability approach to determining dose. Anesthesiology 1999;91(1):131-136. (Randomized, controlled; 80 patients)
    
74. Mazurek AJ, Rae B, Hann S, et al. Rocuronium versus succinylcholine: Are they equally effective during rapidsequence induction of anesthesia? Anesth Analg 1998;87:1259- 1262. (Comparative, randomized, controlled; 26 patients)
    
75. Crul JF, Vanbelleghem V, Buyse L, et al. Rocuronium with alfentanil and propofol allows intubation within 45 seconds. Eur J Anaesthesiol Suppl 1995;11:111-112. (Controlled clinical trial)
    
76. Stoddart PA, Mather SJ. Onset of neuromuscular blockade and intubating conditions one minute after the administration of rocuronium in children. Paediatr Anaesth 1998;8:37-40. (Doubleblind, randomized, controlled; 60 patients)
    
77. Hopkinson JM, Meakin G, McCluskey A, et al. Dose-response relationship and effective time to satisfactory intubation conditions after rocuronium in children. Anaesthesia 1997;52:428-432. (Randomized, controlled; 81 patients)
    
78. Tsui BC, Reid S, Gupta S, et al. A rapid precurarization technique using rocuronium. Can J Anaesth 1998;45:397-401 (Prospective, double-blind; 42 patients)
    
79. Barclay K, Eggers K, Asai T. Low-dose rocuronium improves conditions for tracheal intubation after induction of anaesthesia with propofol and alfentanil. Br J Anaesth 1997;78:92-94. (Randomized, double-blind; 60 patients)
    
80. Fuchs-Buder T, Tassonyi E. Intubating conditions and time course of neuromuscular block in children. Br J Anaesth 1996;77:335-338. (Comparative; 100 patients)
    
81. Sparr HJ, Mellinghoff H, Blobner M, et al. Comparison of intubating conditions after rapacuronium (Org 9487) and succinylcholine following rapid sequence induction in adult patients. Br J Anaesth 1999; 82:537-541. (Randomized, controlled, multicenter; 335 patients)
    
82. Goulden MR, Hunter JM. Rapacuronium (Org 9487): Do we have a replacement for succinylcholine? Br J Anaesth 1999;82:489-492. (Editorial)
    
83. Levy JH, Pitts M, Thanopoulos A, et al. The effects of rapacuronium on histamine release and hemodynamics in adult patients undergoing general anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1999;89:290-295. (Randomized, controlled, multicenter; 47 patients)
    
84. Fisher DM, Kahwaji R, Bevan D, et al. Factors affecting the pharmacokinetic characteristics of rapacuronium. Anesthesiology 1999;90:993-1000. (181 patients)
    
85. Wright PM, Brown R, Lau M, et al. A pharmacodynamic explanation for the rapid onset/offset of rapacuronium bromide. Anesthesiology 1999;90:16-23. (10 patients)
    
86. Purdy R, Bevan DR, Donati F, et al. Early reversal of rapacuronium with neostigmine. Anesthesiology 1999;91:51-57. (Prospective, randomized, controlled, multicenter; 117 patients)
87. Vijayakumar E, Bosscher H, Renzi FP, et al. The use of neuromuscular blocking agents in the emergency department to facilitate tracheal intubation in the trauma patient: Help or hindrance? J Crit Care 1998;13(1):1-6. (Retrospective; 160 patients)
    
88. Naguib M, Samarkandi AH, Ammar A, et al. Comparison of suxamethonium and different combinations of rocuronium and mivacurium for rapid tracheal intubation in children. Br J Anaesth 1997;79:450-455. (Comparative, randomized, controlled; 120 patients)
    
89. Weiss JH, Gratz I, Goldberg ME, et al. Double-blind comparison of two doses of rocuronium and succinylcholine for rapidsequence intubation. J Clin Anesth 1997;9:379-382. (Prospective, double-blind, randomized; 45 patients)
    
90. Andrews JI, Kumar N, van den Brom RH, et al. A large simple randomized trial of rocuronium versus succinylcholine in rapid-sequence induction of anaesthesia along with propofol. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1999;43:4-8. (Comparative, randomized, controlled; 349 patients)
    
91. Sparr HJ, Giesinger S, Ulmer H, et al. Influence of induction technique on intubating conditions after rocuronium in adults: Comparison with rapid-sequence induction using thiopentone and suxamethonium. Br J Anaesth 1996;77:339-342. (Comparative, randomized, controlled; 150 patients)
    
92. McCourt KC, Salmela L, Mirakhur RK, et al. Comparison of rocuronium and suxamethonium for use during rapid sequence induction of anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1998;53:867-871. (Comparative, randomized, double-blind; 318 patients)
    
93. Benumof JL, Dagg R, Benumof R. Critical hemoglobin desaturation will occur before return of an unparalyzed state following 1 mg/kg intravenous succinylcholine. Anesthesiology 1997;87:79-81.
94. Drummond JC, Cole DJ, Patel PM, et al. Focal cerebral ischemia during anesthesia with etomidate, isoflurane, or thiopental: A comparison of the extent of cerebral injury. Neurosurgery 1995;37:742-748. (Comparative animal study)
    
95. Sieber TJ, Zbinden AM, Curatolo M, et al. Tracheal intubation with rocuronium using the "timing principle." Anesth Analg 1998;86:1137-1140. (Randomized, controlled; 45 patients)
    
96. Koh KF, Chen FG. Rapid tracheal intubation with atracurium: The timing principle. Can J Anaesth 1994;41:688-693. (Randomized, controlled, comparative; 80 patients)
    
97. Nelson JM, Morell RC, Butterworth JF. Rocuronium versus succinylcholine for rapid-sequence induction using a variation of the timing principle. J Clin Anesth 1997;9:317-320. (Prospective, randomized, double-blind; 42 patients)
    
98. Whittaker JD, Moulton C. Emergency intubation of infants: Does laryngoscope blade design make any difference? J Accid Emerg Med 1998;5:308-311. (Comparative)
    
99. Bryant A, Tingen MS. The use of cricoid pressure during emergency intubation. J Emerg Nurs 1999;25:283-284.
    
100. Walls RM. Airway management in the blunt trauma patient: How important is the cervical spine? Can J Surg 1992;35:27-30. (Review)
     
101. *Knill RL. Difficult laryngoscopy made easy with a "BURP." Can J Anaesth 1993;40:279-282. (Case report)
     
102. Levitan RM, Kush S, Hollander JE. Devices for difficult airway management in academic emergency departments: Results of a national survey. Ann Emerg Med 1999:33;694-698. (Questionnaire)
     
103. MacQuarrie K, Hung OR, Law JA. Tracheal intubation using Bullard laryngoscope for patients with a simulated difficult airway. Can J Anesth 1999;46:760-765. (Clinical trial; 80patients)
     
104. Watts AD, Gelb AW, Bach DB, et al. Comparison of the Bullard and Macintosh laryngoscopes for endotracheal intubation of patients with a potential cervical spine injury. Anesthesiology 1997;87:1335-1342. (Comparative; 29 patients)
     
105. Skinner HJ, Biswas A, Mahajan RP. Evaluation of intubating conditions with rocuronium and either propofol or etomidate for rapid sequence induction. Anaesthesia 1998;53:702-706. (Comparative, double-blind; 71 patients)
     
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107. *Levitan R, Ochroch EA, Stuart S, et al. Use of intubating laryngeal mask airway by medical and nonmedical personnel. Am J Emerg Med 2000;18:12-16. (111 participants)
     
108. Arndt GA, Topp J, Hannah J, et al. Intubation via the LMA using a Cook retrograde intubation kit. Can J Anaesth 1998;45:257-260. (Case report)
     
109. Stern Y, Spitzer T. Retrograde intubation of the trachea. J Laryngol Otol 1991;105:746-747.
     
110. Lau HP, Yip KM, Liu CC. Rapid airway access by modified retrograde intubation. J Formos Med Assoc 1996;95:347-349.
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112. Pollard BJ, Junius F. Accidental intubation of the oesophagus. Anaesth Intens Care 1980;8:183-186. (Case report)
     
113. Howells TH, Riethmuller RJ. Signs of endotracheal intubation. Anaesthesia 1980;35:984-986. (Case report)
     
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115. Peterson AW, Jacker LM. Death following inadvertent esophageal intubation: A case report. Anesth Analg 1973;52:398- 401. (Case report)
     
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117. Stirt JA. Endotracheal tube misplacement. Anaesth Intensive Care 1982;10:274-276. (Case report)
     
118. Birmingham PK, Cheney FW, Ward RJ. Esophageal intubation: A review of detection techniques. Anesth Analg 1986;65:886-891. (Review)
     
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120. Ward KR, Yealy DM. End-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring in emergency medicine, Part 2: Clinical applications. Acad Emerg Med 1998;5:637-646.
     
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122. Jenkins WA, Verdile VP, Paris PM. The syringe aspiration technique to verify endotracheal tube position. Am J Emerg Med 1994;12:413-416. (Prospective; 90 patients)
     
123. Andres AH, Langenstein H. The esophageal detector device is unreliable when the stomach has been ventilated. Anesthesiology 1999;91:566-8. (Case report)
     
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127. Franklin C, Samuel J, Hu TC. Life-threatening hypotension associated with emergency intubation and the initiation of mechanical ventilation. Am J Emerg Med 1994;12(4):425-428. (Prospective; 84 patients)