Current Topics in Airway Management: Mechanical Ventilation, Supraglottic Airway Devices, and Intubating Patients With COVID-19
This course combines video, audio, and digital components to review ventilator management for adult patients, mechanical ventilation and supraglottic airway devices for pediatric patients, and intubation of COVID-19 patients. Includes 13.5 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™.
Modules
We hope you enjoy this course! If you have any questions, our Customer Service Team is here to help Monday - Friday, 9:00am-5:30pm EST, and can be reached at 678-366-7933 or ebm@ebmedicine.net
Authors
Ryan Pedigo, MD
Director, Medical Student Education, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center; Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
Casey Carr, MD
Critical Care Fellow, University of Florida Shands, Gainesville, FL
Courtney W. Mangus, MD, FAAP
Clinical Lecturer, Departments of Emergency Medicine & Pediatrics, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
J. Kate Deanehan, MD, RDMS A
Assistant Professor, Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins Children’s Center, Baltimore, MD
Jennifer E. Sanders, MD, FAAP
Assistant Professor, Departments of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
Louis A. Spina, MD, FAAP
Assistant Professor, Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
Peer Reviewers
William A. Knight, IV, MD, FACEP, FNCS
Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine and Neurosurgery, Medical Director, EM Advanced Practice Provider Program; Associate Medical Director, Neuroscience ICU, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
Charles Stewart, MD, EMDM, MPH
Emergency Physician; Tulsa, OK; Visiting Professor, European Master Disaster Medicine Program
Nicole Gerber, MD
Assistant Professor of Clinical Pediatrics, Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, New York Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY
Garrett S. Pacheco, MD
Assistant Professor, Residency Associate Program Director, EM and Combined EM & Pediatrics, Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
Heather M. Kuntz, MD, FACEP, FAAP
Associate Program Director, Pediatric Emergency Medicine Fellowship, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA
Shira A. Schlesinger, MD, MPH, FACEP
Director, EMS & Disaster Preparedness Programs; Associate Director, EMS Fellowship, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA
Podcast Presenter
Sam Ashoo, MD
Emergency physician practicing in Tallahassee, FL; board-certified in emergency medicine and clinical informatics
Video Presenter
Calvin A. Brown III, MD
Vice Chair for Network Development, Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
Product Details
Publication Date: December 9, 2020
CME Expiration Date: July 1, 2023
CME Accreditation: EB Medicine is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) to provide continuing medical education for physicians. This activity has been planned and implemented in accordance with the accreditation requirements and policies of the ACCME. Credit Designation: EB Medicine designates this enduring material for a maximum of 13.5 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity. Current Topics in Airway Management: Mechanical Ventilation, Supraglottic Airway Devices, and Intubating Patients With COVID-19 is eligible for 13.5 Category 2-A or 2-B credit hours by the American Osteopathic Association. The “Ventilator Management of Adult Patients in the Emergency Department” journal issue is approved by the American College of Emergency Physicians for 4 hours of Category I credit. The “Mechanical Ventilation of Pediatric Patients in the Emergency Department” journal issue is approved by the American College of Emergency Physicians for 4 hours of Category I credit, and has been reviewed by the American Academy of Pediatrics and is acceptable for 4 AAP credits. The “Supraglottic Airway Devices for Pediatric Airway Management in the Emergency Department” journal issue is approved by the American College of Emergency Physicians for 4 hours of Category I credit, and has been reviewed by the American Academy of Pediatrics and is acceptable for 4 AAP credits.
Table of Contents
Module 1: Ventilator Management of Adult Patients in the Emergency Department + two-part EMplify podcast audio discussion
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Abstract
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Case Presentations
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Introduction
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Critical Appraisal of the Literature
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Prehospital Care
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Approach to Initial Ventilator Settings
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Modes of Ventilation
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Volume Assist-Control Mode
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Pressure-Regulated Volume Control
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Tidal Volume
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Inspiratory Peak Flow Rate (Inspiratory Time)
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Respiratory Rate
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Positive End-Expiratory Pressure
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Fraction of Inspired Oxygen
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Inspiratory to Expiratory Time (I:E Ratio)
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Other Modes of Ventilation
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Synchronous Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation With Pressure Support
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Airway Pressure Release Ventilation
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Oxygen Delivery
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Approach to Specific Types of Patients Requiring Mechanical Ventilation
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Obstructive Physiology (Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)
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Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
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Use of Paralytic Agents in ARDS
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Recruitment Maneuvers in ARDS
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Prone Positioning in ARDS
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Nontraditional Ventilator Settings in ARDS
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ARDS and Coronavirus Disease Infection
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Severe Metabolic Acidosis
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Monitoring and Making Changes to the Ventilator Settings
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Arterial Blood Gas
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Pulse Oximetry
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Waveform Capnography
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Ventilator Pressures
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Assessing for Breath-Stacking
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Special Populations
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Obese Patients
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Controversies and Cutting Edge
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Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
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Esophageal Pressure Monitoring
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Summary
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Risk Management Pitfalls in Mechanical Ventilation in the Emergency Department
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Case Conclusions
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Clinical Pathway for Ventilator Management in the Emergency Department
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Tables and Figures
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Table 1. Predicted Body Weight for Females of Various Heights and Associated Tidal Volumes
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Table 2. Predicted Body Weight for Males of Various Heights and Associated Tidal Volumes
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Table 3. Examples of Initial Ventilator Settings for Obstructive Physiology (Asthma/COPD), Volume Assist-Control Mode
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Table 4. Examples of Initial Ventilator Settings for ARDS Patients, Volume Assist-Control Mode
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Table 5. ARDSNet Trial FiO2/PEEP (cm H2O) Protocol, Lower Versus Higher Strategy
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Table 6. Example of Initial Ventilator Settings for Patients With a Severe Metabolic Acidosis, Volume Assist-Control Mode
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Table 7. Scenarios and Their Associated Peak Pressure and Plateau Pressure Changes
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Figure 1. Normal Output of Waveform Capnography
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Figure 2. Waveform Capnography Demonstrating Bronchospasm
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Figure 3. Peak Versus Plateau Pressure
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Figure 4. Graph of Flow Versus Time
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Figure 5. An Expiratory Hold Demonstrating Auto-PEEP (Pressure Above the Set PEEP)
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References
Module 2: Mechanical Ventilation of Pediatric Patients in the Emergency Department
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Abstract
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Case Presentations
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Introduction
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Critical Appraisal of the Literature
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Etiology and Pathophysiology
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Prehospital Care
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Diagnostic Studies
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Management
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Mode of Ventilation
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Synchronized Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation
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Assist-Control Ventilation
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Spontaneous Supported Ventilation
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Choosing the Mode of Ventilation
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Pressure Control Versus Volume Control
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Ventilation Goals
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Oxygenation Goals
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Respiratory Rate
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Analgesia, Sedation, and Neuromuscular Blockade
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Specific Patient Populations and Pathology
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Patients With Obstructive Lung Disease
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Patients With Significant Metabolic Acidosis
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Patients With Noncardiogenic Pulmonary Edema and Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
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Patients With Refractory Hypoxemia
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Evaluation of Complications
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Special Circumstances
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Mechanical Ventilation of Patients With Highly Communicable Diseases
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Controversies and Cutting Edge
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Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
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Disposition
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Summary
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Risk Management Pitfalls in Mechanical Ventilation of Pediatric Patients in the Emergency Department
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Case Conclusions
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Tables and Figures
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Table 1. Etiologies of Respiratory Failure
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Table 2. Indications for Mechanical Ventilation
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Table 3. Ventilator Terminology
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Table 4. Suggested Initial Ventilator Settings for Pressure Control
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Table 5. Suggested Initial Ventilator Settings for Volume Control
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Table 6. Titration of Oxygenation and Ventilation
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Table 7. State Behavioral Score
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Table 8. Suggested Weight-Based Medication Dosing
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Table 9. DOPES Mnemonic
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Figure 1. Schematic Representation of Flow During Controlled Mechanical Ventilation
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References
Module 3: Supraglottic Airway Devices for Pediatric Airway Management in the Emergency Department
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Abstract
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Case Presentations
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Introduction
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Critical Appraisal of the Literature
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The History of Supraglottic Airway Devices
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Benefits of Supraglottic Airway Devices
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Common Supraglottic Airway Devices
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LMA® Classic™
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Intubating LMA/LMA® Fastrach™
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LMA® ProSeal™ and LMA® Supreme™
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Combitube®
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Laryngeal Tube Airway
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i-gel®
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Baska Mask®
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Video: Insertion of Supraglottic Airway Devices
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The Difficult Airway
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Anatomically Difficult Airways
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Congenital Abnormalities
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Acquired Conditions
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Managing the Difficult Airway
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Prehospital Care
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Emergency Department Evaluation
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History
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Physical Examination
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Mouth Characteristics
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Dentition and Palate
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Inter-incisor Gap
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Modified Mallampati Score
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Upper-Lip Bite Test
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Micrognathia
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Thyromental and Hyomental Distances
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Cervical Spine
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Diagnostic Studies
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Special Circumstances and Challenges
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Controversies
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Disposition
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Summary
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Risk Management Pitfalls When Using Supraglottic Airway Devices in Pediatric Patients
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Time- and Cost-Effective Strategies
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Case Conclusions
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Tables and Figures
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Table 1. Recommended Sizing for the LMA® Classic™ and LMA® ProSeal™, Based on Patient Weight
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Table 2. Recommended Sizing for the King LTS-D™, Based on Patient Weight and/or Height
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Table 3. Recommended Sizing for the i-gel®, Based on Patient Weight
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Table 4. Recommended Sizing for the Baska Mask®, Based on Patient Weight
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Table 5. Anatomic Features Associated With Difficult Airways in Children
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Figure 1. The LMA® Classic™
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Figure 2. The Standard Technique of Placing the LMA® Classic™
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Figure 3. LMA® Fastrach™
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Figure 4. LMA® ProSeal™
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Figure 5. LMA® Supreme™
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Figure 6. Combitube®
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Figure 7. King LTS-D™
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Figure 8. i-gel®
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Figure 9. Baska Mask®
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Figure 10. Modified Mallampati Score
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Figure 11. Upper-Lip Bite Test
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Figure 12. Positive Palm Print Sign and Prayer Sign
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References