Evidence-based medicine requires a critical appraisal of the literature based upon study methodology and number of subjects. Not all references are equally robust. The findings of a large, prospective, randomized, and blinded trial should carry more weight than a case report.

To help the reader judge the strength of each reference, pertinent information about the study, such as the type of study and the number of patients in the study, will be included in bold type following the reference, where available. in addition, the most informative references cited in this paper, as determined by the authors, will be noted by an asterisk (*) next to the number of the reference.

1. *Mattox KL, Goetzl L. Trauma in pregnancy. Crit Care Med. 2005;33:S385-389. (Review article)
2. *Diagnosis and Management of Injury in the Pregnant Patient. The Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma; EAST Practice Management Guidelines Work Group http://www.east.org/tpg/pregnancy.pdf. Accessed August 2007. (Clinical policy)
3. ACOG educational bulletin. Obstetric aspects of trauma management. Number 251, September 1998 (replaces Number 151, January 1991, and Number 161, November 1991). American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1999;64:87-94. (Clinical policy)
4. *ACOG Committee Opinion. Number 299, September 2004 (replaces No. 158, September 1995). Guidelines for diagnostic imaging during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. Sep 2004;104:647-651. (Clinical policy)
5. ACOG practice bulletin. Prevention of Rh D alloimmunization. Number 4, May 1999 (replaces educational bulletin Number 147, October 1990). Clinical management guidelines for obstetrician-gynecologists. American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1999 Jul;66:63-70. (Clinical policy)
6. El-Kady D, Gillbert WM, Anderson J, Danielsen B, Towner D, Smith LH. Trauma during Pregnancy: an analysis of maternal and fetal outcomes in a large population. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;190:1661-1668. (Retrospective cohort; 10,316 patients)
7. Schiff MA, Holt VL. Pregnancy outcomes following hospitalization for motor vehicle crashes in Washington state from 1989-2001. Amer J Epidemiol. 2005;161:503-510. (Retrospective cohort; 582 patients)
8. El-Kady D, Gilbert WM, Xing G, Smith L. Association of maternal fractures with adverse perinatal outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;195:711-716. (Retrospective cohort; 3292 patients)
9. El-Kady D, Gilbert WM, Xing G, Smith LH. Maternal and neonatal outcomes of assaults during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105:357-363. (Retrospective, cohort, 2070 patients)
10. *Shah AJ, Kilcline BA. Trauma in pregnancy. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2003;21:615-629. (Review article)
11. Glantz C, Purnell, L. Clinical utility of sonography in the diagnosis and treatment of placental abruption. J Ultrasound Med. 2002;21:837-840. (Retrospective cohort, 149 patients)
12. Oyelese Y, Ananth CV, Placental Abruption. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;108:1005-16. (Review article)
13. Goodwin TM, Breen MT. Pregnancy outcome and fetomaternal hemorrhage after noncatastrophic trauma. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1990;162:665-671. (Prospective cohort; 205 patients)
14. Abouleish EI, Abboud TK, Bikhazi G, Kenaan CA, Mroz L, Zhu J, et al. Rapacuronium for modified rapid sequence induction in elective caesarean section: neuromuscular blocking effects and safety compared with succinylcholine, and placental transfer. Br J Anaesth. 1999;83:862-867. (Randomized trial; 42 patients)
15. ACEP Clinical Policy. Critical Issues in the initial evaluation and management of patients presenting to the emergency department in early pregnancy. Ann Emerg Med. 2003; 41: 123-33. (Clinical policy)
16. Dhanraj D, Lambers D. The incidences of positive Kleihauer-Betke test in low-risk pregnancies and maternal trauma patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;190(5):1461-1463. (Case control study; 151 patients)
17. *Muench MV, Baschat AA, Reddy UM, et al. Kleihauer-Betke testing is important in all cases of maternal trauma. J Trauma. 2004;57:1094-1098. (Retrospective; 71 patients)
18. 18. Bochicchio GV, Napolitano, LM, Haan, J, Champion H, Scalea T. Incidental pregnancy in trauma patients. J Am Coll Surg. 2001;192:566-569. (Retrospective; 114 patients)
19. Bochicchio GV, Haan J, Scalea TM. Surgeon Performed focused assessment with sonography for trauma as an early screening tool for pregnancy after trauma. J Trauma. 2002; 52:1125-8. (Retrospective; 101 patients)
20. *Goodwin H, Holmes JF, Wisner DH. Abdominal ultrasound examination in pregnant blunt trauma patients. J Trauma. 2001;50:689-693; discussion 694. (Retrospective; 127 patients)
21. Brown MA, Sirlin CB, Farahmand N, Hoyt DB, Casola, G. Screening sonography in pregnant patients with blunt abdominal trauma. J Ultrasound Med. 2005;24: 175-181. (Retrospective; 101 patients)
22. Nagy KK, Roberts RR, Joseph KT, Smith RF, An GC, Bokhari F, et al. Experience with over 2500 diagnostic peritoneal lavages. Injury. 2000;31:479-482. (Prospective cohort; 2501 patients)
23. Leggon RE, Wood GC, Indeck MC. Pelvic fractures in pregnancy: factors influencing maternal and fetal outcomes. J Trauma. 2002;53:796-804. (Retrospective; 101 patients)
24. ACOG technical bulletin. Domestic violence. Number 209—August 1995 (replaces no. 124, January 1989). American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1995;51(2):161-170. (Clinical Policy)
25. McFarlane J, Parker B, Soeken K, Bullock L. Assessing for abuse during pregnancy. Severity and frequency of injuries and associated entry into prenatal care. JAMA. 1992;267:3176-3178. (Prospective cohort: 691 patients)
26. Parker B, McFarlane J, Soeken, K. Abuse During Preg nancy: Effects on Maternal Complications and Birth Weight in Adult and Teenage Women. Obstet Gynecol 1994;84: 323-8. (Prospective cohort; 1023 patients)
27. Weiss, HB, Strotmeyer S. Characteristics of pregnant women in motor vehicle crashes. Inj Prev. 2002;8:207-210. (Retrospective cohort; 427 patients)
28. Fusco A, Kelly K, Winslow J. Uterine rupture in a motor vehicle crash with airbag deployment. J Trauma. 2001;51(6):1192-1194. (Case report)
29. Metz TD, Abbott JT. Uterine trauma in pregnancy after motor vehicle crashes with airbag deployment: A 30-case series. J Trauma. 2006;61:658-661. (Retrospective; 30 patients)
30. National Conference on Medical Indications for Air Bag Disconnection Conducted by The Ronald Reagan Institute of Emergency Medicine and The National Crash Analysis Center, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington DC, July 16-18. 1997. (Committee guidelines)
31. *Katz V, Balderston K, DeFreest M. Perimortem cesarean delivery: were our assumptions correct? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;192:1916-1920; discussion 1920-1921. (Retrospective, 36 patients)

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