Home > Browse Emergency Issues
<< The Evaluation and Management of Heat Injuries in the Emergency Department
References
- Marx, J.A., et al., Rosen’s emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice. 6th ed. 2006, Philadelphia: Mosby/Elsevier. 3 v. (xxxix, 3179, cv ) (Textbook)
- Varghese, G.M., et al., Predictors of multi-organ dysfunction in heatstroke. Emerg Med J, 2005. 22(3): p. 185-7. (Retrospective, 28 patients)
- Heat-related mortality—Arizona, 1993-2002, and United States, 1979-2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2005. 54(25): p. 628-30. (Case Series)
- Bouchama, A. and J.P. Knochel, Heat stroke. N Engl J Med, 2002. 346(25): p. 1978-88. (Review Article)
- Vanhems, P., L. Gambotti, and J. Fabry, Excess rate of in-hospital death in Lyons, France, during the August 2003 heat wave. N Engl J Med, 2003. 349(21): p. 2077-8. (Editorial)
- Heat-related deaths—Chicago, Illinois, 1996-2001, and United States, 1979-1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2003. 52(26): p. 610-3. (Case Series)
- Patz, J.A., et al., Impact of regional climate change on human health. Nature, 2005. 438(7066): p. 310-7. (Review Article)
- Bouchama, A., The 2003 European heat wave. Intensive Care Med, 2004. 30(1): p. 1-3. (Editorial)
- Dhainaut, J.F., et al., Unprecedented heat-related deaths during the 2003 heat wave in Paris: consequences on emergency departments. Crit Care, 2004. 8(1): p. 1-2. (Editorial)
- Carter, R., 3rd, et al., Epidemiology of hospitalizations and deaths from heat illness in soldiers. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2005. 37(8): p. 1338-44. (Retrospective Review, 5246 patients)
- Riggs, J.E. and A.J. Riggs, Prominent 59-year-old British neurosurgeon, Victor Horsley, succumbs to heatstroke while serving with allied troops in Iraq. Br J Neurosurg, 2004. 18(4): p. 375-6; discussion 376. (Case report)
- Lugo-Amador, N.M., T. Rothenhaus, and P. Moyer, Heat-related illness. Emerg Med Clin North Am, 2004. 22(2): p. 315-27, viii. (Review Article)
- Seto, C.K., D. Way, and N. O’Connor, Environmental illness in athletes. Clin Sports Med, 2005. 24(3): p. 695-718, x. (Review Article)
- Auerbach, P.S., Wilderness medicine. 4th ed. 2001, St. Louis: Mosby. xxiii, 1910. (Textbook)
- Wexler, R.K., Evaluation and treatment of heat-related illnesses. Am Fam Physician, 2002. 65(11): p. 2307-14. (Review Article)
- Barrow, M.W. and K.A. Clark, Heat-related illnesses. Am Fam Physician, 1998. 58(3): p. 749-56, 759. (Review Article)
- Neufer, P.D., A.J. Young, and M.N. Sawka, Gastric emptying during walking and running: effects of varied exercise intensity. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol, 1989. 58(4): p. 440-5. (Prospective, 10 Patients)
- Cheung, S.S., T.M. McLellan, and S. Tenaglia, The thermophysiology of uncompensable heat stress. Physiological manipulations and individual characteristics. Sports Med, 2000. 29(5): p. 329-59. (Review Article)
- Bouchama, A., Heatstroke: a new look at an ancient disease. Intensive Care Med, 1995. 21(8): p. 623-5. (Review Article)
- Hammami, M.M., et al., Concentrations of soluble tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 receptors in heatstroke and heatstress. Crit Care Med, 1997. 25(8): p. 1314-9. (Prospective case control, 25 patients)
- Bouchama, A., et al., Evidence for endothelial cell activation/injury in heatstroke. Crit Care Med, 1996. 24(7): p. 1173-8. (Prospecive case control, 32 patients)
- Grogan, H. and P.M. Hopkins, Heat stroke: implications for critical care and anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth, 2002. 88(5): p. 700-7. (Review Article)
- Iampietro, P.F., M. Mager, and E.B. Green, Some physiological changes accompanying tetany induced by exposure to hot, wet conditions. J Appl Physiol, 1961. 16: p. 409-12. (Prospective, 27 patients)
- Sellheyer, K., M. Medenica, and S.L. Stein, Vesicular eruption on the trunk and in intertriginous folds—quiz case. Arch Dermatol, 2004. 140(2): p. 231-6. (Case study)
- Godkar, D., M. Razaq, and G. Fernandez, Rare skin disorder complicating doxorubicin therapy: miliaria crystallina. Am J Ther, 2005. 12(3): p. 275-6. (Case report)
- Armstrong, L.E., et al., Voluntary dehydration and electrolyte losses during prolonged exercise in the heat. Aviat Space Environ Med, 1985. 56(8): p. 765-70. (Prospective, 12 patients)
- Broad, E.M., et al., Body weight changes and voluntary fluid intakes during training and competition sessions in team sports. Int J Sport Nutr, 1996. 6(3): p. 307-20. (Experiment)
- Dematte, J.E., et al., Near-fatal heat stroke during the 1995 heat wave in Chicago. Ann Intern Med, 1998. 129(3): p. 173-81. (Observationa lstudy, 48 patients)
- Semenza, J.C., et al., Heat-related deaths during the July 1995 heat wave in Chicago. N Engl J Med, 1996. 335(2): p. 84-90. (Prospective case-control, 678 patients)
- Yaqub, B. and S. Al Deeb, Heat strokes: aetiopathogenesis, neurological characteristics, treatment and outcome. J Neurol Sci, 1998. 156(2): p. 144-51. (Review Article)
- Grange, J.T., G.W. Baumann, and R. Vaezazizi, On-site physicians reduce ambulance transports at mass gatherings. Prehosp Emerg Care, 2003. 7(3): p. 322-6. (Prospective, 129 pateints)
- Lukins, J.L., et al., A paramedic-staffed medical rehydration unit at a mass gathering. Prehosp Emerg Care, 2004. 8(4): p. 411-6. (Prospective, 143 patients)
- Fallis, W.M., The effect of urine flow rate on urinary bladder temperature in critically ill adults. Heart Lung, 2005. 34(3): p. 209- 16. (Experimental, 60 pateints)
- Bouchama, A., et al., Ineffectiveness of dantrolene sodium in the treatment of heatstroke. Crit Care Med, 1991. 19(2): p. 176-80. (RDPCT, 52 patients)
- Deleu, D., et al., Downbeat nystagmus following classical heat stroke. Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 2005. 108(1): p. 102-4. (Case report)
- Boersma, L.V., et al., Cerebral hemorrhage complicating exertional heat stroke. Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 1998. 100(2): p. 112-5. (Case Report)
- Ahmed, R.G., Heat stress induced histopathology and pathophysiology of the central nervous system. Int J Dev Neurosci, 2005. 23(6): p. 549-57. (Review Article)
- Bazille, C., et al., Brain damage after heat stroke. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, 2005. 64(11): p. 970-5. (case series, 3 patients)
- Akhtar, M.J., et al., Electrocardiographic abnormalities in patients with heat stroke. Chest, 1993. 104(2): p. 411-4. (Review Article)
- Wakino, S., et al., A case of severe heat stroke with abnormal cardiac findings. Int Heart J, 2005. 46(3): p. 543-50. (Case Report)
- Shahid, M.S., et al., Echocardiographic and Doppler study of patients with heatstroke and heat exhaustion. Int J Card Imaging, 1999. 15(4): p. 279-85. (Prospective, 36 patients)
- Kew, M.C., et al., The heart in heatstroke. Am Heart J, 1969. 77(3): p. 324-35. (Case Series, 28 patients)
- Atar, S., E. Rozner, and T. Rosenfeld, Transient cardiac dysfunction and pulmonary edema in exertional heat stroke. Mil Med, 2003. 168(8): p. 671-3. (Case report)
- Vera, Z.A. and C.E. Cross, Cardiovascular alterations in heat stroke. Chest, 1993. 103(4): p. 987-8. (Editorial)
- Tucker, L.E., et al., Classical heatstroke: clinical and laboratory assessment. South Med J, 1985. 78(1): p. 20-5. (Case series, 34 patients)
- Bouchama, A., et al., Distribution of peripheral blood leukocytes in acute heatstroke. J Appl Physiol, 1992. 73(2): p. 405-9. (Case series 11 patients)
- Koizumi, T., et al., Fatal rhabdomyolysis during mountaineering. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 1996. 36(1): p. 72-4. (Case report)
- Shieh, S.D., et al., A prospective study of calcium metabolism in exertional heat stroke with rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure. Nephron, 1995. 71(4): p. 428-32. (Prospective, 32 patients)
- Bouchama, A., et al., Mechanisms of hypophosphatemia in humans with heatstroke. J Appl Physiol, 1991. 71(1): p. 328-32. (Prospective, 10 patients)
- Bouchama, A. and E.B. De Vol, Acid-base alterations in heatstroke. Intensive Care Med, 2001. 27(4): p. 680-5. (Retrospective, 109 patients)
- Wang, A.Y., et al., Renal failure and heatstroke. Ren Fail, 1995. 17(2): p. 171-9. (Retrospective case series 6 patients)
- de Galan, B.E. and J.B. Hoekstra, Extremely elevated body temperature: case report and review of classical heat stroke. Neth J Med, 1995. 47(6): p. 281-7. (Case Report)
- Tobin, J.R., et al., Malignant hyperthermia and apparent heat stroke. Jama, 2001. 286(2): p. 168-9. (Case Report)
- Giercksky, T., et al., Severe liver failure in exertional heat stroke. Scand J Gastroenterol, 1999. 34(8): p. 824-7.(Case Report)
- Saissy, J.M., Liver transplantation in a case of fulminant liver failure after exertion. Intensive Care Med, 1996. 22(8): p. 831.(case report)
- Wagner, M., et al., Successful conservative management of acute hepatic failure following exertional heatstroke. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2003. 15(10): p. 1135-9.(Case Report)
- Pardo Cabello, A.J., et al., [Acute liver failure following heat stroke]. An Med Interna, 2005. 22(9): p. 429-30.(Case report)
- Parker, R.J. and A.C. Davidson, Hypothyroidism—an unexpected diagnosis following emergency treatment for heatstroke. Int J Clin Pract Suppl, 2005(147): p. 31-3. (Case Report)
- Chen, W.L., et al., Changes in thyroid hormone metabolism in exertional heat stroke with or without acute renal failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1996. 81(2): p. 625-9. (prospective, 11 patients)
- Vicario, S.J., R. Okabajue, and T. Haltom, Rapid cooling in classic heatstroke: effect on mortality rates. Am J Emerg Med, 1986. 4(5): p. 394-8. (Retrospective chart, 39 patients)
- Inter-Association Task Force on Exertional Heat Illness. Consensus Statement 2002. 2002. (Guidelines)
- Wyndham, C.H., et al., Methods of cooling subjects with hyperpyrexia. J Appl Physiol, 1959. 14: p. 771-6. (Experimental, 6 patients)
- Slovis, C.M., Features and outcomes of classic heat stroke. Ann Intern Med, 1999. 130(7): p. 614-5. (Commentary)
- Weiner, J.S. and M. Khogali, A physiological body-cooling unit for treatment of heat stroke. Lancet, 1980. 1(8167): p. 507-9. (experiment)
- Khogali, M. and J.S. Weiner, Heat stroke: report on 18 cases. Lancet, 1980. 2(8189): p. 276-8. (Case series, 18 cases)
- Al-Harthi SS, Y.B., Al-Nozha MM, et al, Management of heat stroke patients by rapid cooling at Mecca pilgrimage. Saudi Med J 1968: p. 7:369.
- Al-Aska, A.K., et al., Simplified cooling bed for heatstroke. Lancet, 1987. 1(8529): p. 381. (Letter)
- Smith, J.E., Cooling methods used in the treatment of exertional heat illness. Br J Sports Med, 2005. 39(8): p. 503-7; discussion 507. (meta-analysis, review, 17 papers)
- Hart, G.R., et al., Epidemic classical heat stroke: clinical characteristics and course of 28 patients. Medicine (Baltimore), 1982. 61(3): p. 189-97. (Case series, 28 patients)
- Costrini, A., Emergency treatment of exertional heatstroke and comparison of whole body cooling techniques. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 1990. 22(1): p. 15-8. (Review)
- Armstrong, L.E., et al., Whole-body cooling of hyperthermic runners: comparison of two field therapies. Am J Emerg Med, 1996. 14(4): p. 355-8. (experiment, 21 patients)
- Kielblock, A.J., J.P. Van Rensburg, and R.M. Franz, Body cooling as a method for reducing hyperthermia. An evaluation of techniques. S Afr Med J, 1986. 69(6): p. 378-80. (Review)
- Grahn, D.A., V.H. Cao, and H.C. Heller, Heat extraction through the palm of one hand improves aerobic exercise endurance in a hot environment. J Appl Physiol, 2005. 99(3): p. 972-8. (Experiment, 26 patients)
- Horowitz, B.Z., The golden hour in heat stroke: use of iced peritoneal lavage. Am J Emerg Med, 1989. 7(6): p. 616-9. (Case Report)
- Broessner, G., et al., Case report: severe heat stroke with multiple organ dysfunction - a novel intravascular treatment approach. Crit Care, 2005. 9(5): p. R498-501. (Case Report)
- Ward, A., M.O. Chaffman, and E.M. Sorkin, Dantrolene. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in malignant hyperthermia, the neuroleptic malignant syndrome and an update of its use in muscle spasticity. Drugs, 1986. 32(2): p. 130-68. (Review)
- Hausfater, P., Dantrolene and heatstroke: a good molecule applied in an unsuitable situation. Crit Care, 2005. 9(1): p. 23-4. (Review)
- Fratea, S., et al., In vitro effects of dantrolene on rat myocardium. Anesthesiology, 1997. 86(1): p. 205-15. (experiment)
- Orliaguet, G., et al., Effects of dantrolene on rat diaphragm muscle during postnatal maturation. Anesthesiology, 2001. 94(3): p. 468- 74. (Experiment)
- Lydiatt, J.S. and G.E. Hill, Treatment of heat stroke with dantrolene. Jama, 1981. 246(1): p. 41-2. (Case report, letter)
- Denborough, M.A., Heat stroke and malignant hyperpyrexia. Med J Aust, 1982. 1(5): p. 204-5. (Case report)
- Amsterdam, J.T., et al., Dantrolene sodium for treatment of heat- stroke victims: lack of efficacy in a canine model. Am J Emerg Med, 1986. 4(5): p. 399-405. (Experiment)
- Moran, D., et al., Dantrolene and recovery from heat stroke. Aviat Space Environ Med, 1999. 70(10): p. 987-9. (Experiment, animal)
- Zuckerman, G.B., et al., Effects of dantrolene on cooling times and cardiovascular parameters in an immature porcine model of heatstroke. Crit Care Med, 1997. 25(1): p. 135-9. (Experiment, animal)
- Tayeb, O.S. and Z.M. Marzouki, Effect of dantrolene pretreatment on heat stroke in sheep. Pharmacol Res, 1990. 22(5): p. 565- 72. (Experiment, animal)
- Channa, A.B., et al., Is dantrolene effective in heat stroke patients? Crit Care Med, 1990. 18(3): p. 290-2. (Experiment, 20 patients)
- Hadad, E., et al., Clinical review: Treatment of heat stroke: should dantrolene be considered? Crit Care, 2005. 9(1): p. 86-91. (Review)
- Wang, J.L., D.S. Ke, and M.T. Lin, Heat shock pretreatment may protect against heatstroke-induced circulatory shock and cerebral ischemia by reducing oxidative stress and energy depletion. Shock, 2005. 23(2): p. 161-7. (Experiment, animal)
- Singleton, K.D. and P.E. Wischmeyer, Oral glutamine enhances heat shock protein expression and improves survival following hyperthermia. Shock, 2006. 25(3): p. 295-9. (Experiment, animals)
- Sonna, L.A., et al., Invited review: Effects of heat and cold stress on mammalian gene expression. J Appl Physiol, 2002. 92(4): p. 1725-42. (Review)
- Huang, Y.P., et al., Naltrexone protects against hypotension, hyperthermia, and beta-endorphin overproduction during heatstroke in the rat. J Pharmacol Sci, 2005. 97(4): p. 519-24. (Experiment, animal)
- Chen, Z.C., et al., Mu-opioid receptor blockade protects against circulatory shock and cerebral ischemia during heatstroke. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 2005. 46(6): p. 754-60. (Experiment, animals)
- Chen, S.H., et al., Resuscitation from experimental heatstroke by transplantation of human umbilical cord blood cells. Crit Care Med, 2005. 33(6): p. 1377-83. (Experiment, animal)
- Sonna, L.A., et al., Exertional heat injury and gene expression changes: a DNA microarray analysis study. J Appl Physiol, 2004. 96(5): p. 1943-53. (Case control, 8 patients)
- Chatterjee, S., et al., Therapeutic treatment with L-arginine rescues mice from heat stroke-induced death: physiological and molecular mechanisms. Shock, 2005. 24(4): p. 341-7. (Experiment, animal)
- Lee, C.C., et al., Selective inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase attenuates renal ischemia and damage in experimental heatstroke. J Pharmacol Sci, 2005. 99(1): p. 68-76. (Experiment, animal)
- Liu, C.C., et al., Hydroxyethyl starch produces attenuation of circulatory shock and cerebral ischemia during heatstroke. Shock, 2004. 22(3): p. 288-94. (experimental, animal)
- Tsai, H.M., et al., Resuscitation from experimental heatstroke by hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Crit Care Med, 2005. 33(4): p. 813-8. (Experimental, animal)
- Murphy, M.M., et al., Energy cost of physical task performance in men and women wearing chemical protective clothing. Aviat Space Environ Med, 2001. 72(1): p. 25-31. (Experimental 58 subjects)
- Patton, J.F., et al., Energy cost of wearing chemical protective clothing during progressive treadmill walking. Aviat Space Environ Med, 1995. 66(3): p. 238-42. (experimental, 14 subjects)
- McLellan, T.M., Work performance at 40 degrees C with Canadian Forces biological and chemical protective clothing. Aviat Space Environ Med, 1993. 64(12): p. 1094-100. (experiment, 19 subjects)
- Montain, S.J. and E.F. Coyle, Influence of graded dehydration on hyperthermia and cardiovascular drift during exercise. J Appl Physiol, 1992. 73(4): p. 1340-50. (Experiment, 8 subjects)
- Cheung, S.S. and T.M. McLellan, Heat acclimation, aerobic fitness, and hydration effects on tolerance during uncompensable heat stress. J Appl Physiol, 1998. 84(5): p. 1731-9. (Experiment, 15 subjects)
- Aoyagi, Y., T.M. McLellan, and R.J. Shephard, Effects of training and acclimation on heat tolerance in exercising men wearing protective clothing. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol, 1994. 68(3): p. 234-45. (Experiment, 16 subjects)
- Cheung, S.S. and T.M. McLellan, Comparison of short-term aerobic training and high aerobic power on tolerance to uncompensable heat stress. Aviat Space Environ Med, 1999. 70(7): p. 637-43. (Experiment 16 subjects)
- Cheung, S.S. and T.M. McLellan, Influence of hydration status and fluid replacement on heat tolerance while wearing NBC protective clothing. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol, 1998. 77(1-2): p. 139-48. (Experiment, 8 subjects)
- McLellan, T.M., Sex-related differences in thermoregulatory responses while wearing protective clothing. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol, 1998. 78(1): p. 28-37. (Experiment 30 patients)
- Tenaglia, S.A., T.M. McLellan, and P.P. Klentrou, Influence of menstrual cycle and oral contraceptives on tolerance to uncompensable heat stress. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol, 1999. 80(2): p. 76-83. (Experiment 18 subjects)
- McLellan, T.M., et al., Low doses of melatonin and diurnal effects on thermoregulation and tolerance to uncompensable heat stress. J Appl Physiol, 1999. 87(1): p. 308-16. (Experiment, 9 subjects)
- Coris, E.E., A.M. Ramirez, and D.J. Van Durme, Heat illness in athletes: the dangerous combination of heat, humidity and exercise. Sports Med, 2004. 34(1): p. 9-16. (Review Article)
- Casa, D.J., et al., National Athletic Trainers’ Association Position Statement: Fluid Replacement for Athletes. J Athl Train, 2000. 35(2): p. 212-224. (Guidelines)
- Glazer, J.L., Management of heatstroke and heat exhaustion. Am Fam Physician, 2005. 71(11): p. 2133-40. (Review Article)
- Soar, J., et al., European Resuscitation Council guidelines for resuscitation 2005. Section 7. Cardiac arrest in special circumstances. Resuscitation, 2005. 67 Suppl 1: p. S135-70. (Guidelines)
- Wallace, R.F., et al., The effects of continuous hot weather training on risk of exertional heat illness. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2005. 37(1): p. 84-90. (Case-crossover, 2069 patients)
- Rydman, R.J., et al., The rate and risk of heat-related illness in hospital emergency departments during the 1995 Chicago heat disaster. J Med Syst, 1999. 23(1): p. 41-56. (Multicenter Prevalence Chart Review)
