Evidence-based medicine requires a critical appraisal of the literature based upon study methodology and number of subjects. Not all references are equally robust. The findings of a large, prospective, randomized, and blinded trial should carry more weight than a case report.

To help the reader judge the strength of each reference, pertinent information about the study, such as the type of study and the number of patients in the study, will be included in bold type following the reference, where available. In addition, the most informative references cited in the paper, as determined by the authors, will be noted by an asterisk (*) next to the number of the reference.

1. Bordley DR, Mushlin AI, Dolan JG, et al. Early clinical signs identify low-risk patients with acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. JAMA 1985 Jun 14;253(22):3282-3285. (Retrospective, prospective; 273 patients)
2. Wrenn KD, Thompson LB. Hemodynamically stable upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Am J Emerg Med 1991 Jul;9(4):309-312. (Prospective; 38 patients)
3. Harland R, Neilson D. Criteria for selective admission of patients with haematemesis. J R Soc Med 1992 Jan;85(1):26-28. (Retrospective; 157 patients)
4. Kollef MH, Canfield DA, Zuckerman GR. Triage considerations for patients with acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage admitted to a medical intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 1995 Jun;23(6):1048-1054 (Prospective; 103 patients)
5. * Blatchford O, Murray WR, Blatchford M. A risk score to predict need for treatment for upper-gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Lancet 2000 Oct 14;356(9238):1318-1321. (Retrospective, prospective; 1945 patients)
6. Katschinski B, Logan R, Davies J, et al. Prognostic factors in upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Dig Dis Sci 1994 Apr;39(4):706-712. (Clinical trial; 2217 patients)
7. Yavorski RT, Wong RK, Maydonovitch C, et al. Analysis of 3,294 cases of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in military medical facilities. Am J Gastroenterol 1995 Apr;90(4):568-573. (Retrospective;3294 patients)
8. * Longstreth GF, Feitelberg SP. Successful outpatient management of acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: use of practice guidelines in a large patient series. Gastrointest Endosc 1998 Mar;47(3):219-222. (Prospective; 176 patients)
9. Longstreth GF, Feitelberg SP. Outpatient care of selected patients with acute non-variceal upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Lancet 1995 Jan 14;345(8942):108-111. (Retrospective, prospective; 1074 patients)
10. Tham KY, Kimura H, Nagurney T, et al. Retrospective review of emergency department patients with non-variceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage for potential outpatient management. Acad Emerg Med 1999 Mar;6(3):196-201. (Retrospective; 145 patients)
11. * Rockall TA, Logan RF, Devlin HB, et al. Risk assessment after acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Gut 1996 Mar;38(3):316-321. (Prospective; 5810 patients)
12. Rockall TA, Logan RF, Devlin HB, et al. Selection of patients for early discharge or outpatient care after acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage. National Audit of Acute Upper Gastrointestinal
    Haemorrhage. Lancet 1996 Apr 27;347(9009):1138-1140. (Audit; 2531 patients)
13. Vreeburg EM, Terwee CB, Snel P, et al. Validation of the Rockall risk scoring system in upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Gut 1999 Mar;44(3):331-335. (Prospective; 951 patients)
14. Hay JA, Lyubashevsky E, Elashoff J, et al. Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage clinical guideline determining the optimal hospital length of stay. Am J Med 1996 Mar;100(3):313-322. (Practice guideline, retrospective; 500 patients)
15. Hay JA, Maldonado L, Weingarten SR, et al. Prospective evaluation of a clinical guideline recommending hospital length of stay in upper gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage. JAMA 1997 Dec 24- 31;278(24):2151-2156. (Prospective; 299 patients)
16. Derry S, Loke YK. Risk of gastrointestinal haemorrhage with long term use of aspirin: meta-analysis. BMJ 2000 Nov 11;321(7270):1183- 1187. (Meta-analysis; 66,000 patients)
17. Ofman JJ, MacLean CH, Straus WL, et al. A metaanalysis of severe upper gastrointestinal complications of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. J Rheumatol 2002 Apr;29(4):804-812. (Meta-analysis; 30,163 patients)
18. Khuroo MS, Yattoo GN, Javid G, et al. A comparison of omeprazole and placebo for bleeding peptic ulcer. N Engl J Med 1997 Apr 10;336(15):1054-1058. (Prospective, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial; 220 patients)
19. Besson I, Ingrand P, Person B, et al. Sclerotherapy with or without octreotide for acute variceal bleeding. N Engl J Med 1995 Aug 31;333(9):555-560. (Prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial; 199 patients)
20. Sung JJ, Chung SC, Yung MY, et al. Prospective randomised study of effect of octreotide on rebleeding from oesophageal varices after endoscopic ligation. Lancet 1995 Dec 23-30;346(8991-8992):1666- 1669. (Prospective, randomized; 100 patients)
21. Freitas DS, Sofia C, Pontes JM, et al. Octreotide in acute bleeding esophageal varices: a prospective randomized study. Hepatogastroenterology 2000 Sep-Oct;47(35):1310-1314. (Prospective, randomized trial; 197 patients)
22. Zuberi BF, Baloch Q. Comparison of endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy alone and in combination with octreotide in controlling acute variceal hemorrhage and early rebleeding in patients with low-risk cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol 2000 Mar;95(3):768-771. (Prospective, randomized trial; 70 patients)
23. Gilbert DA. Epidemiology of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastrointest Endosc 1990 Sep-Oct;36(5 Suppl):S8-S13. (Epidemiologic study)
24. Vreeburg EM, Snel P, de Bruijne JW, et al. Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the Amsterdam area: incidence, diagnosis, and clinical outcome. Am J Gastroenterol 1997 Feb;92(2):236-243. (Prospective; 951 patients)
25. Czernichow P, Hochain P, Nousbaum JB, et al. Epidemiology and course of acute upper gastro-intestinal haemorrhage in four French geographical areas. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2000 Feb;12(2):175-181. (Prospective; 2133 patients)
26. Imdahl A. Genesis and pathophysiology of lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2001 Feb;386(1):1-7. (Review, tutorial)
27. Longstreth GF. Epidemiology and outcome of patients hospitalized with acute lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage: a population-based study. Am J Gastroenterol 1997 Mar; 92(3):419-424. (Retrospective, longitudinal; 219 patients)
28. Makela JT, Kiviniemi H, Laitinen S, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Scand J Gastroenterol 1993 Dec;28(12):1062-1066. (Observational; 266 patients)
29. Bramley PN, Masson JW, McKnight G, et al. The role of an openaccess bleeding unit in the management of colonic haemorrhage. A 2-year prospective study. Scand J Gastroenterol 1996 Aug;31(8):764-769. (Prospective; 1602 patients)
30. *Kollef MH, O’Brien JD, Zuckerman GR, et al. BLEED: a classification tool to predict outcomes in patients with acute upper and lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Crit Care Med 1997 Jul; 25(7):1125-1132. (Cohort; 465 patients)
31. Gilbert DA, Silverstein FE, Tedesco FJ, et al. The national ASGE survey on upper gastrointestinal bleeding. III. Endoscopy in upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastrointest Endosc 1981 May;27(2):94-102. (Prospective)
32. Longstreth GF, Feitelberg SP. Hospital care of acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: 1991 versus 1981. J Clin Gastroenterol 1994 Oct;19(3):189-193. (Comparative; 321 patients)
33. Wilcox CM, Chalasani N, Lazenby A, et al. Cytomegalovirus colitis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a clinical and endoscopic study. Gastrointest Endosc 1998 Jul;48(1):39-43. (Prospective, multicenter; 56 patients)
34. Chalasani N, Wilcox CM. Gastrointestinal hemorrhage in patients with AIDS. AIDS Patient Care STDS 1999 Jun;13(6):343-346. (Review, tutorial)
35. van Olffen TB, Knippenberg LH, van der Vliet JA, et al. Primary aortoenteric fistula: report of six new cases. Cardiovasc Surg 2002 Dec;10(6):551-554. (Case series; 6 patients)
36. Bergqvist D, Bjorkman H, Bolin T, et al. Secondary aortoenteric fistulae—changes from 1973 to 1993. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1996 May;11(4):425-428. (Retrospective, case-control; 27 patients)
37. Huang JQ, Sridhar S, Hunt RH. Role of Helicobacter pylori infection and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in peptic-ulcer disease: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2002 Jan 5;359 (9300):14-22. (Meta-analysis; 1625 patients)
38. Stack WA, Atherton JC, Hawkey GM, et al. Interactions between Helicobacter pylori and other risk factors for peptic ulcer bleeding. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002 Mar;16(3):497-506. (Comparative, casecontrol; 406 patients)
    
39. Weil J, Langman MJ, Wainwright P, et al. Peptic ulcer bleeding: accessory risk factors and interactions with non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Gut 2000 Jan;46(1):27-31. (Case control; 2110 patients)
40. Thomsen BL, Sorensen TI. Analysis of the treatment effect on recurrent bleeding and death in patients with cirrhosis and esophageal varices: multistage competing-risks model compared to conventional methods. The Copenhagen Esophageal Varices Sclerotherapy Project. J Hepatol 1998 Jan;28(1):107-114. (Randomized, controlled trial; 187 patients)
41. Hayden M, Pignone M, Phillips C, et al. Aspirin for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events: a summary of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2002 Jan 15;136(2):161-172. (Meta-analysis)
42. Laszlo A, Kelly JP, Kaufman DE, et al. Clinical aspects of upper gastrointestinal bleeding associated with the use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Am J Gastroenterol 1998 May;93(5):721-725. (Comparative, case-control, multicenter)
43. Bombardier C, Laine L, Reicin A, et al; VIGOR Study Group. Comparison of upper gastrointestinal toxicity of rofecoxib and naproxen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. VIGOR Study
    Group. N Engl J Med 2000 Nov 23;343(21):1520-1528, 2 p following 1528. (Comparative; 8076 patients)
44. Luca A, D’Amico G, La Galla R, et al. TIPS for prevention of recurrent bleeding in patients with cirrhosis: meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Radiology 1999 Aug;212(2):411-421. (Meta-analysis; 750 patients)
45. De Ledinghen V, Heresbach D, Fourdan O, et al. Anti-inflammatory drugs and variceal bleeding: a case-control study. Gut 1999 Feb;44(2):270-273. (Case-control; 200 patients)
46. Hankey GJ, Sudlow CL, Dunbabin DW. Thienopyridines or aspirin to prevent stroke and other serious vascular events in patients at high risk of vascular disease? A systematic review of the evidence from randomized trials. Stroke 2000 Jul;31(7):1779-1784. (Metaanalysis; 22,656 patients)
47. De Mulder PH, Theodore C, Sella A, et al. Phase II EORTC trialwith 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin and interferon-alpha as second-line treatment of advanced transitional cell cancer of the urothelial tract. Ann Oncol 2000 Nov;11(11):1391-1394. (Phase II clinical trial)
48. Vasey PA, Paul J, Birt A, et al. Docetaxel and cisplatin in combination as first-line chemotherapy for advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Scottish Gynaecological Cancer Trials Group. J Clin Oncol
    1999 Jul;17(7):2069-2080. (Multicenter clinical trial; 100 patients)
49. Wadler S, Atkins M, Karp D, et al. Clinical trial of weekly intensive therapy with 5-fluorouracil on two different schedules combined with interferon alpha-2a and filgrastim in patients with advanced solid tumors: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study P-Z991. Cancer J Sci Am 1998 Jul-Aug;4(4):261-268. (Multicenter clinical trial; 76 patients)
50. Beyth RJ. Hemorrhagic complications of oral anticoagulant therapy. Clin Geriatr Med 2001 Feb;17(1):49-56. (Review)
51. Perez J, Dellinger RP; International Sepsis Forum. Other supportive therapies in sepsis. Intensive Care Med 2001;27 Suppl 1:S116-S127. (Practice guideline)
52. Krieger DW, De Georgia MA, Abou-Chebl A, et al. Cooling for acute ischemic brain damage (cool aid): an open pilot study of induced hypothermia in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 2001 Aug;32(8):1847-1854. (Pilot; 19 patients)
53. Kneebone A, Mameghan H, Bolin T, et al. The effect of oral sucralfate on the acute proctitis associated with prostate radiotherapy: a double-blind, randomized trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001 Nov 1;51(3):628-635. (Randomized, controlled trial; 335 patients)
54. Warren DC, Feehan P, Slade JB, et al. Chronic radiation proctitis treated with hyperbaric oxygen. Undersea Hyperb Med 1997 Sep;24(3):181-184. (Multicenter; 14 patients)
55. Messori A, Trippoli S, Vaiani M, et al. Bleeding and pneumonia in intensive care patients given ranitidine and sucralfate for prevention of stress ulcer: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2000 Nov 4;321(7269):1103-1106. (Meta-analysis; 2534 patients)
56. Chirletti P, Caronna R, Arcese W, et al. Gastrointestinal emergencies in patients with acute intestinal graft-versus-host disease. Leuk Lymphoma 1998 Mar;29(1-2):129-137. (Controlled; 36 patients)
57. de Bruijn SF, Stam J. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of anticoagulant treatment with low-molecular-weight heparin for cerebral sinus thrombosis. Stroke 1999 Mar;30(3):484-488. (Multicenter, randomized, controlled trial; 60 patients)
58. Cook D, Guyatt G, Marshall J, et al. A comparison of sucralfate and ranitidine for the prevention of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients requiring mechanical ventilation. Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. N Engl J Med 1998 Mar 19;338(12):791-797. (Comparative, randomized, controlled trial; 1200 patients)
59. * Eisen GM, Dominitz JA, Faigel DO, et al; American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Standards of Practice Committee. An annotated algorithmic approach to upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastrointest Endosc 2001 Jun;53(7):853-858. (Practice guideline)
60. Wallace MB, Durkalski VL, Vaughan J, et al. Age and alarm symptoms do not predict endoscopic findings among patients with dyspepsia: a multicentre database study. Gut 2001 Jul;49(1):29-34.
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61. Ben-Ari Z, Cardin F, McCormick AP, et al. A predictive model for failure to control bleeding during acute variceal haemorrhage. J Hepatol 1999 Sep;31(3):443-450. (Prospective, controlled; 695 patients)
62. Eisen GM, Dominitz JA, Faigel DO, et al; American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Standards of Practice Committee. An annotated algorithmic approach to acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastrointest Endosc 2001 Jun;53(7):859-863. (Practice guideline)
63. Mernagh JR, O’Donovan N, Somers S, et al. Use of heparin in the investigation of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Can Assoc Radiol J 2001 Aug;52(4):232-235. (18 patients)
64. Colin R, Czernichow P, Baty V, et al. Low sensitivity of invasive tests for the detection of Helicobacter pylori infection in patientswith bleeding ulcer. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 2000 Jan;24(1):31-35. (Prospective; 181 patients)
65. Banares R, Albillos A, Rincon D, et al. Endoscopic treatment versus endoscopic plus pharmacologic treatment for acute variceal bleeding: a meta-analysis. Hepatology 2002 Mar;35(3):609-615. (Meta-analysis; 939 patients)
66. Zed PJ, Loewen PS, Slavik RS, et al. Meta-analysis of proton pump inhibitors in treatment of bleeding peptic ulcers. Ann Pharmacother 2001 Dec;35(12):1528-1534. (Meta-analysis; 1829 patients)
67. Selby NM, Kubba AK, Hawkey CJ. Acid suppression in peptic ulcer haemorrhage: a ‘meta-analysis’. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000 Sep;14(9):1119-1126. (Meta-analysis; 3566 patients)
68. Cales P, Masliah C, Bernard B, et al; French Club for the Study of Portal Hypertension. Early administration of vapreotide for variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis. French Club for the Study of Portal Hypertension. N Engl J Med 2001 Jan 4;344(1):23-28. (Randomized, controlled trial; 227 patients)
69. Schaffalitzky de Muckadell OB, Havelund T, Harling H, et al. Effect of omeprazole on the outcome of endoscopically treated bleeding peptic ulcers. Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled multicentre study. Scand J Gastroenterol1997 Apr;32(4):320-327. (Randomized, controlled trial; 274 patients)
70. Gisbert JP, Gonzalez L, Calvet X, et al. Proton pump inhibitors versus H2-antagonists: a meta-analysis of their efficacy in treating bleeding peptic ulcer. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001 Jul;15(7):917-926 (Meta-analysis)
71. Lau JY, Sung JJ, Lee KK, et al. Effect of intravenous omeprazole on recurrent bleeding after endoscopic treatment of bleeding peptic ulcers. N Engl J Med 2000 Aug 3;343(5):310-316. (Comparative; 240 patients)
72. No authors listed; British Society of Gastroenterology Endoscopy Committee. Non-variceal upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage: guidelines. Gut 2002 Oct;51 Suppl 4:iv1-6. (Practice guideline)
73. Sharma VK, Sahai AV, Corder FA, et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication is superior to ulcer healing with or without maintenance therapy to prevent further ulcer haemorrhage. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001 Dec;15(12):1939-1947. (Meta-analysis)
74. Sonnenberg A, Olson CA, Zhang J. The effect of antibiotic therapy on bleeding from duodenal ulcer. Am J Gastroenterol 1999 Apr;94(4):950-954. (Multicenter, randomized, controlled trial; 1151 patients)
75. Tsai YT, Lay CS, Lai KH, et al. Controlled trial of vasopressin plus nitroglycerin vs. vasopressin alone in the treatment of bleeding esophageal varices. Hepatology 1986 May-Jun;6(3):406-409. (Randomized, controlled trial; 39 patients)
76. Gimson AE, Westaby D, Hegarty J, et al. A randomized trial of vasopressin and vasopressin plus nitroglycerin in the control of acute variceal hemorrhage. Hepatology 1986 May-Jun;6(3):410-413. (Randomized, controlled trial; 57 patients)
77. Bosch J, Groszmann RJ, Garcia-Pagan JC, et al. Association of transdermal nitroglycerin to vasopressin infusion in the treatment of variceal hemorrhage: a placebo-controlled clinical trial. Hepatology 1989 Dec;10(6):962-968. (Randomized, controlled trial; 69 patients)
78. Freeman JG, Cobden I, Record CO. Placebo-controlled trial of terlipressin (glypressin) in the management of acute variceal bleeding. J Clin Gastroenterol 1989 Feb;11(1):58-60. (Randomized, controlled trial)
79. Soderlund C, Magnusson I, Torngren S, et al. Terlipressin (triglycyllysine vasopressin) controls acute bleeding oesophageal varices. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Scand J Gastroenterol 1990 Jun;25(6):622-630. (Randomized, controlled trial; 61 patients)
80. Levacher S, Letoumelin P, Pateron D, et al. Early administration of terlipressin plus glyceryl trinitrate to control active upper gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhotic patients. Lancet 1995 Sep 30;346(8979):865-868. (Prospective, randomized, controlled trial; 76 patients)
81. Silvain C, Carpentier S, Sautereau D, et al. Terlipressin plus transdermal nitroglycerin vs. octreotide in the control of acute bleeding from esophageal varices: a multicenter randomized trial. Hepatology 1993 Jul;18(1):61-65. (Randomized, controlled trial; 87 patients)
82. Walker S, Kreichgauer HP, Bode JC. Terlipressin vs. somatostatin in bleeding esophageal varices: a controlled, double-blind study. Hepatology 1992 Jun;15(6):1023-1030. (Randomized, controlled trial; 33 patients)
83. Kravetz D, Bosch J, Teres J, et al. Comparison of intravenous somatostatin and vasopressin infusions in treatment of acute variceal hemorrhage. Hepatology 1984 May-Jun;4(3):442-446. (Comparative; 61 patients)
84. Jenkins SA, Baxter JN, Corbett W, et al. A prospective randomised controlled clinical trial comparing somatostatin and vasopressin in controlling acute variceal haemorrhage. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1985
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85. Bagarani M, Albertini V, Anza M, et al. Effect of somatostatin in controlling bleeding from esophageal varices. Ital J Surg Sci 1987;17(1):21-26. (Comparative; 49 patients)
86. Saari A, Klvilaakso E, Inberg M, et al. Comparison of somatostatin and vasopressin in bleeding esophageal varices. Am J Gastroenterol 1990 Jul;85(7):804-807. (Comparative; 54 patients)
87. Escorsell A, Bordas JM, del Arbol LR, et al. Randomized controlled trial of sclerotherapy versus somatostatin infusion in the prevention of early rebleeding following acute variceal hemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis. Variceal Bleeding Study Group. J Hepatol 1998 Nov;29(5):779-788. (Randomized, controlled trial; 169 patients)
88. Bildozola M, Kravetz D, Argonz J, et al. Efficacy of octreotide and sclerotherapy in the treatment of acute variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients. A prospective, multicentric, and randomized clinical trial. Scand J Gastroenterol 2000 Apr;35(4):419-425. (Prospective, randomized, controlled trial; 76 patients)
89. Coraggio F, Rotondano G, Marmo R, et al. Somatostatin in the prevention of recurrent bleeding after endoscopic haemostasis of peptic ulcer haemorrhage: a preliminary report. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998 Aug;10(8):673-676. (Prospective, randomized, controlled trial; 73 patients)
90. Schoenfeld PS, Butler JA. An evidence-based approach to the treatment of esophageal variceal bleeding. Crit Care Clin 1998 Jul;14(3):441-455. (Meta-analysis)
91. Imperiale TF, Birgisson S. Somatostatin or octreotide compared with H2 antagonists and placebo in the management of acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 1997 Dec 15;127(12):1062-1071. (Meta-analysis; 1829 patients)
92. Junquera F, Feu F, Papo M, et al. A multicenter, randomized, clinical trial of hormonal therapy in the prevention of rebleeding from gastrointestinal angiodysplasia. Gastroenterology 2001 Nov;121(5):1073-1079. (Randomized, controlled trial; 72 patients)
93. Bregenzer N, Caesar I, Andus T, et al. Lack of clinical efficacy of additional factor XIII treatment in patients with steroid refractory colitis. The Factor XIII Study Group. Z Gastroenterol 1999 Oct;37(10):999-1004. (Prospective, multicenter, randomized, controlled trial; 28 patients)
94. Jensen DM, Kovacs TO, Jutabha R, et al. Randomized trial of medical or endoscopic therapy to prevent recurrent ulcer hemorrhage in patients with adherent clots. Gastroenterology 2002 Aug;123(2):407-413. (Prospective, multicenter, randomized, controlled trial; 32 patients)
    
95. Bleau BL, Gostout CJ, Sherman KE, et al. Recurrent bleeding from peptic ulcer associated with adherent clot: a randomized study comparing endoscopic treatment with medical therapy. Gastrointest Endosc 2002 Jul;56(1):1-6. (Randomized, controlled trial; 56 patients)
96. Gralnek IM, Jensen DM, Gornbein J, et al. Clinical and economic outcomes of individuals with severe peptic ulcer hemorrhage and nonbleeding visible vessel: an analysis of two prospective clinical trials. Am J Gastroenterol 1998 Nov;93(11):2047-2056. (Prospective, randomized, controlled trial; 155 patients)
97. Cooper GS, Chak A, Connors AF Jr, et al. The effectiveness of early endoscopy for upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: a communitybased analysis. Med Care 1998 Apr;36(4):462-474. (Observational, cohort; 3801 patients)
98. Laine L, Peterson WL. Bleeding peptic ulcer. N Engl J Med 1994 Sep 15;331(11):717-727. (Review)
99. Rollhauser C, Fleischer DE. Ulcers and nonvariceal bleeding. Endoscopy 1999 Jan;31(1):17-25. (Review, tutorial)
100. Singh P, Pooran N, Indaram A, et al. Combined ligation and sclerotherapy versus ligation alone for secondary prophylaxis of esophageal variceal bleeding: a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol
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101. Meddi P, Merli M, Lionetti R, et al. Cost analysis for the prevention of variceal rebleeding: a comparison between transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt and endoscopic sclerotherapy in a selected group of Italian cirrhotic patients. Hepatology 1999 Apr;29(4):1074-1077. (Randomized, controlled trial; 38 patients)
102. Saeed ZA, Stiegmann GV, Ramirez FC, et al. Endoscopic variceal ligation is superior to combined ligation and sclerotherapy for esophageal varices: a multicenter prospective randomized trial.
     Hepatology 1997 Jan;25(1):71-74. (Randomized, controlled trial; 47 patients)
103. Imperiale TF, Chalasani N. A meta-analysis of endoscopic variceal ligation for primary prophylaxis of esophageal variceal bleeding. Hepatology 2001 Apr;33(4):802-807. (Meta-analysis; 884 patients)
104. Avgerinos A, Armonis A, Manolakopoulos S, et al. Endoscopic sclerotherapy plus propranolol versus propranolol alone in the primary prevention of bleeding in high risk cirrhotic patients with esophageal varices: a prospective multicenter randomized trial. Gastrointest Endosc 2000 Jun;51(6):652-658. (Randomized, controlled trial; 86 patients)
105. Rutgeerts P, Rauws E, Wara P, et al. Randomised trial of single and repeated fibrin glue compared with injection of polidocanol in treatment of bleeding peptic ulcer. Lancet 1997 Sep 6;350(9079):692-696. (Randomized, controlled trial; 854 patients)
106. Pescatore P, Jornod P, Borovicka J, et al. Epinephrine versus epinephrine plus fibrin glue injection in peptic ulcer bleeding: a prospective randomized trial. Gastrointest Endosc 2002 Mar;55(3):348-353. (Randomized, controlled trial; 135 patients)
107. Gralnek IM, Jensen DM, Kovacs TO, et al. An economic analysis of patients with active arterial peptic ulcer hemorrhage treated with endoscopic heater probe, injection sclerosis, or surgery in a prospective, randomized trial. Gastrointest Endosc 1997 Aug;46(2):105-112. (Prospective, randomized, controlled trial; 31 patients)
108. Lee JG, Turnipseed S, Romano PS, et al. Endoscopy-based triage significantly reduces hospitalization rates and costs of treating upper GI bleeding: a randomized controlled trial. Gastrointest Endosc 1999 Dec;50(6):755-761. (Prospective, randomized, controlled trial; 110 patients)
109. Chak A, Cooper GS, Lloyd LE, et al. Effectiveness of endoscopy in patients admitted to the intensive care unit with upper GI hemorrhage. Gastrointest Endosc 2001 Jan;53(1):6-13. (Retrospective; 214 patients)
110. Panes J, Teres J, Bosch J, et al. Efficacy of balloon tamponade in treatment of bleeding gastric and esophageal varices. Results in 151 consecutive episodes. Dig Dis Sci 1988 Apr;33(4):454-459. (Evaluation; 151 patients)
111. McKee R. A study of octreotide in oesophageal varices. Digestion 1990;45 Suppl 1:60-64; discussion 65. (Randomized, controlled trial; 16 patients)
112. Jaramillo JL, de la Mata M, Mino G, et al. Somatostatin versus Sengstaken balloon tamponade for primary haemostasia of bleeding esophageal varices. A randomized pilot study. J Hepatol 1991 Jan;12(1):100-105. (Randomized, controlled trial; 44 patients)
113. Funaki B. Endovascular intervention for the treatment of acute arterial gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Gastroenterol Clin North Am2002 Sep;31(3):701-713. (Review, tutorial)
114. Burroughs AK, Patch D. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. Semin Liver Dis 1999; 19(4):457-473. (Meta-analysis)
115. Sanyal AJ, Freedman AM, Luketic VA, et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts for patients with active variceal hemorrhage unresponsive to sclerotherapy. Gastroenterology 1996 Jul;111(1):138-146. (Prospective; 32 patients)
116. Kuradusenge P, Rousseau H, Vinel JP, et al. [Treatment of hemorrhages by rupture of cardio-tuberous varices with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt]. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1993;17(6-7):431-434. (Follow-up; 12 patients)
117. Stanley AJ, Jalan R, Ireland HM, et al. A comparison between gastric and oesophageal variceal haemorrhage treated with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunt (TIPSS). Aliment
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118. Papatheodoridis GV, Goulis J, Leandro G, et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt compared with endoscopic treatment for prevention of variceal rebleeding: A meta-analysis. Hepatology 1999 Sep;30(3):612-622. (Meta-analysis; 811 patients)
119. Marshall JK, Collins SM, Gafni A. Demographic predictors of resource utilization for bleeding peptic ulcer disease: the Ontario GI Bleed Study. J Clin Gastroenterol 1999 Sep;29(2):165-170. (Cost analysis; 158 patients)
120. Stabile BE, Stamos MJ. Surgical management of gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2000 Mar;29(1):189-222. (Review, tutorial)
121. Jalan R, Hayes PC. UK guidelines on the management of variceal haemorrhage in cirrhotic patients. British Society of Gastroenterology. Gut 2000 Jun;46 Suppl 3-4:III1-III15. (Practice guideline)
122. No authors listed. The role of endoscopic therapy in the management of variceal hemorrhage. American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 1998 Dec;48(6):697-698. (Practice guideline)
123. Ingrand P, Rodriguez B, Silvain C, et al. Predictive factors of variceal bleeding control by emergency sclerotherapy. Multicenter Group. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1998 May;22(5):519-524. (Prospective; 101 patients)
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