Evidence-based medicine requires a critical appraisal of the literature based upon study methodology and number of subjects. Not all references are equally robust. The findings of a large, prospective, randomized, and blinded trial should carry more weight than a case report. To help the reader judge the strength of each reference, pertinent information about the study, such as the type of study and the number of patients in the study, will be included in bold type following the reference, where available. In addition, the most informative references cited in the paper, as determined by the authors, will be noted by an asterisk (*) next to the number of the reference.

1. No authors listed. Diabetes: 1991 vital statistics. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association; 1991. (Statistical compilation)
   
2. Fishbein H, Palumbo PJ. Acute metabolic complications in diabetes. In: Diabetes in America. Washington, DC, NIH Publication No. 95-1468, 283-291. (Statistical compilation)
   
3. * Carroll P, Matz R. Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus in adults: experience in treating diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar nonketotic coma with low-dose insulin and a uniform treatment regimen. Diabetes Care 1983 Nov-Dec;6(6):579-585. (Retrospective; 275 cases)
   
4. Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Murphy MB; American Diabetes Association. Hyperglycemic crises in patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2003 Jan;26 Suppl 1:S109-S117. (Review)
5. *Rewers A, Chase HP, Mackenzie T, et al. Predictors of acute complications in children with type I diabetes. JAMA 2002 May 15;287(19):2511- 2518. (Prospective cohort over four years; 1243 patients)
6. Bratton SL, Krane EJ. Diabetic ketoacidosis: pathophysiology, management and complications. J Intensive Care Med 1992;7:199-211. (Review)
7. Krane EJ, Rockoff MA, Wallman JK, et al. Subclinical brain swelling in children during treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis. N Engl J Med 1985 May 2;312(18):1147-1151. (Convenience sampling; 6 children—shows that even asymptomatic children may have signs of cerebral edema on CT scan)
8. Glaser N, Barnett P, McCaslin I, et al; Pediatric Emergency Medicine Collaborative Research Committee of the American Academy of Pediatrics. Risk factors for cerebral edema in children with diabetic ketoacidosis. The Pediatric Emergency Medicine Collaborative Research Committee of the American Academy of Pediatrics. N Engl J Med 2001 Jan 25;344(4):264-269. (Retrospective, case-control; 61 children)
9. Boden G. Glucagonomas and insulinomas. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1989 Dec;18(4):831-845. (Review)
10. Kukreja A, Maclaren NK. Autoimmunity and diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999 Dec;84(12):4371-4378. (Review)
11. Decochez K, Keymeulen B, Somers G, et al; Belgian Diabetes Registry. Use of an islet cell antibody assay to identify type I diabetic patients with rapid decrease in C-peptide levels after clinical onset. Belgian Diabetes Registry. Diabetes Care 2000 Aug;23(8):1072-1078. (Case series; 172 patients)
12. Leslie RD, Pozzilli P. Type I diabetes masquerading as type II diabetes. Possible implications for prevention and treatment. Diabetes Care 1994 Oct;17(10):1214-1219. (Review)
13. Bliss M. The Discovery of Insulin. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1982:112-113. (Historical reference)
14. White JR Jr, Campbell RK, Hirsch I. Insulin analogues: new agents for improving glycemic control. Postgrad Med 1997 Feb;101(2):58-60, 63-65, 70. (Review)
15. Crawford PB, Story M, Wang MC, et al. Ethnic issues in the epidemiology of childhood obesity. Pediatr Clin North Am 2001 Aug;48(4):855- 878. (Review)
16. * No authors listed. Type II diabetes in children and adolescents. American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2000 Mar;23(3):381-389. (Practice guideline, consensus statement)
17. Fagot-Campagna A, Pettitt DJ, Engelgau MM, et al. Type II diabetes among North American children and adolescents: an epidemiologic review and a public health perspective. J Pediatr 2000 May;136(5):664-672. (Multicase review)
18. Edelman SV. Importance of glucose control. Med Clin North Am 1998 Jul;82(4):665-687. (Review)
19. * Le Roith D, Zick Y. Recent advances in our understanding of insulin action and insulin resistance. Diabetes Care 2001 Mar;24(3):588-597. (Review)
20. Buse JB. The use of insulin alone and in combination with oral agents in type II diabetes. Prim Care 1999 Dec;26(4):931-950. (Review)
21. Fajans SS, Floyd JC Jr, Pek S, et al. The course of asymptomatic diabetes in young people, as determined by levels of blood glucose and plasma insulin. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 1969;82:211-224. (Historical review)
22. Fajans SS, Floyd JC Jr, Conn JW, et al. The course of asymptomatic diabetes of children, adolescents, and young adults. Adv Metab Disord 1970;1:Suppl 1:377. (Historical review)
23. Tattersall RB, Fajans SS. A difference between the inheritance of classical juvenile-onset and maturity-onset type diabetes of young people. Diabetes 1975 Jan;24(1):44-53. (Historical review)
24. Tattersall RB. Mild familial diabetes with dominant inheritance. Q J Med 1974 Apr;43(170):339-357. (Historical review)
    
25. Fajans SS. Scope and heterogeneous nature of MODY. Diabetes Care 1990 Jan;13(1):49-64. (Review)
26. Hattersley AT. Maturity-onset diabetes of the young: clinical heterogeneity explained by genetic heterogeneity. Diabet Med 1998 Jan;15(1):15-24. (Review)
27. * Froguel P. Glucokinase and MODY: from the gene to the disease. Diabet Med 1996 Sep;13(9 Suppl 6):S96-S97. (Review)
    
28. Fajans SS, Bell GI, Polonsky KS. Molecular mechanisms and clinical pathophysiology of maturity-onset diabetes of the young. N Engl J Med 2001 Sep 27;345(13):971-980. (Review)
29. Byrne MM, Sturis J, Fajans SS, et al. Altered insulin secretory responses to glucose in subjects with a mutation in the MODY1 gene on chromosome 20. Diabetes 1995 Jun;44(6):699-704. (Case-control; 10 patients)
30. Byrne MM, Sturis J, Clement K, et al. Insulin secretory abnormalities in subjects with hyperglycemia due to glucokinase mutations. J Clin Invest 1994 Mar;93(3):1120-1130. (Case control; 6 patients)
31. Byrne MM, Sturis J, Menzel S, et al. Altered insulin secretory responses to glucose in diabetic and nondiabetic subjects with mutations in the diabetes susceptibility gene MODY3 on chromosome 12. Diabetes 1996 Nov;45(11):1503-1510. (Case control; 18 patients)
32. Kolterman OG, Buse JB, Fineman MS, et al. Synthetic exendin-4 (exenatide) significantly reduces postprandial and fasting plasma glucose in subjects with type II diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003
    Jul;88(7):3082-3089. (Controlled clinical trial [Phase III]; 37 patients)
33. Fleckman AM. Diabetic ketoacidosis. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1993 Jun;22(2):181-207. (Review)
34. * Kitabchi AE, Murphy MB. Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma. Med Clin North Am 1988 Nov;72(6):1545-1563. (Review)
35. Bagdade JD, Porte D Jr, Bierman EL. Diabetic lipemia. A form of acquired fat-induced lipemia. N Engl J Med 1967 Feb 23;276(8):427-433. (Review, case report)
36.  Rumbak MJ, Hughes TA, Kitabchi AE. Pseudonormoglycemia in diabetic ketoacidosis with elevated triglycerides. Am J Emerg Med 1991 Jan;9(1):61-63. (Case report)
37. Rose BD. Proximal tubule. In: Rose BD. Clinical Physiology of Acid-Base
    and Electrolyte Disorders. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1989:102. (Review)
38. Lorber D. Nonketotic hypertonicity in diabetes mellitus. Med ClinNorth Am 1995 Jan;79(1):39-52. (Review)
39. Khardori R, Soler NG. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome. Report of 22 cases and brief review. Am J Med 1984 Nov;77(5):899-904. (Review, case report)
40. Arieff AI, Carroll HJ. Nonketotic hyperosmolar coma with hyperglycemia: clinical features, pathophysiology, renal function, acid-base balance, plasma-cerebrospinal fluid equilibria and the effects of therapy in 37 cases. Medicine (Baltimore) 1972 Mar;51(2):73-94. (Retrospective; 37 cases)
41. Wachtel TJ, Silliman RA, Lamberton P. Prognostic factors in the diabetic hyperosmolar state. J Am Geriatr Soc 1987 Aug;35(8):737-741. (Retrospective; 135 patients)
42. Lorber D. Nonketotic hypertonicity in diabetes mellitus. Med Clin North Am 1995 Jan;79(1):39-52. (Review)
43. Umpierrez GE, Khajavi M, Kitabchi AE. Review: diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome. Am J Med Sci 1996 May;311(5):225-233. (Review)
44. Wachtel TJ, Tetu-Mouradjian LM, Goldman DL, et al. Hyperosmolarity and acidosis in diabetes mellitus: a three-year experience in Rhode Island. J Gen Intern Med 1991 Nov-Dec;6(6):495-502. (Retrospective; 613 patients)
45. Ellemann K, Soerensen JN, Pedersen L, et al. Epidemiology and treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis in a community population. Diabetes Care 1984 Nov-Dec;7(6):528-532. (Epidemiological statistical review)
46. Umpierrez GE, Kelly JP, Navarrete JE, et al. Hyperglycemic crises in urban blacks. Arch Intern Med 1997 Mar 24;157(6):669-675. (Prospective; 144 patients)
47. Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Murphy MB, et al. Management of hyperglycemic crises in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2001 Jan;24(1):131-153. (Review)
48. * No authors listed. American Diabetes Association. Position statement: hyperglycemic crises in patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2002;25:S100-S108. (Consensus statement, review)
49. Laffel L. Sick-day management in type I diabetes. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2000 Dec; 29 (4):707-723. (Review)
50. Bress P, DeFronzo RA. Drugs and diabetes. Diabetes Rev 1994;2:53-84. (Review)
51. Harrison BD, Rutter TW, Taylor RT. Severe non-ketotic hyperglycaemic pre-coma in a hypertensive patient receiving diazoxide. Lancet 1972 Sep 16;2(7777):599-600. (Review, case report)
52. Ahmad S. Diltiazem and hyperglycemia-coma. J Am Coll Cardiol 1985 Aug;6(2):494. (Letter, case report)
53. Fonseca V, Phear DN. Hyperosmolar non-ketotic diabetic syndrome precipitated by treatment with diuretics. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1982 Jan 2;284(6308):36-37. (Case report)
54. Hollis WC. Aggravation of diabetes mellitus during treatment with chlorothiazide. JAMA 1961 Jun 17;176:947-949. (Case report)
    
55. Podolsky S, Pattavina CG. Hyperosmolar nonketotic diabetic coma: a complication of propranolol therapy. Metabolism 1973 May;22(5):685- 693. (Case report)
56. Hiler B. Hyperglycemia and glycosuria following chlorpromazine therapy. JAMA 1956;162:1651-1652. (Case report)
57. Sypniewski E Jr, Mirtallo JM, Schneider PJ. Hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic, nonketotic coma in a patient receiving home total parenteral nutrient therapy. Clin Pharm 1987 Jan;6(1):69-73. (Case report)
58. Ennis ED, Stachl EJ, Kreisberg RA. The hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome. Diabetes Rev 1994;2:115-126. (Review)
    
59.  Axelrod L. Insulin, prostaglandins, and the pathogenesis of hypertension. Diabetes 1991 Oct;40(10):1223-1227. (Review)
60. Axelrod L. Diabetic ketoacidosis. Endocrinologist 1992;2:375-383. (Review)
61. Fulop M, Tannenbaum H, Dreyer N. Ketotic hyperosmolar coma. Lancet 1973 Sep 22;2(7830):635-639. (Retrospective; 70 cases)
62. Arieff AI, Carroll HJ. Cerebral edema and depression of sensorium in nonketotic hyperosmolar coma. Diabetes 1974 Jun;23(6):525-531. (Retrospective; 53 cases)
63. Morres CA, Dire DJ. Movement disorders as a manifestation of nonketotic hyperglycemia. J Emerg Med 1989 Jul-Aug;7(4):359-364. (Review, case report; 2 patients)
64. Lorber D. Nonketotic hypertonicity in diabetes mellitus. Med Clin North Am 1995 Jan;79(1):39-52. (Review)
65. Harden CL, Rosenbaum DH, Daras M. Hyperglycemia presenting with occipital seizures. Epilepsia 1991 Mar-Apr;32(2):215-220. (Case report)
66. Duncan MB, Jabbari B, Rosenberg ML. Gaze-evoked visual seizures in nonketotic hyperglycemia. Epilepsia 1991 Mar-Apr;32(2):221-224. (Case report)
67. Slovis CM, Mork VG, Slovis RJ, et al. Diabetic ketoacidosis andinfection: leukocyte count and differential as early predictors of serious infection. Am J Emerg Med 1987 Jan;5(1):1-5. (Retrospective; 153 patients)
68. Brandenburg MA, Dire DJ. Comparison of arterial and venous blood gas values in the initial emergency department evaluation of patients with diabetic ketoacidosis. Ann Emerg Med 1998 Apr;31(4):459-465. (Retrospective; 38 patients with 44 episodes of DKA)
69. Gokel Y, Paydas S, Koseoglu Z, et al. Comparison of blood gas and acid-base measurements in arterial and venous blood samples in patients with uremic acidosis and diabetic ketoacidosis in the emergency room. Am J Nephrol 2000 Jul-Aug;20(4):319-323. (Retrospective; 100 uremic patients, 21 diabetic patients, and 31 normal controls with a total of 152 venous and arterial samples)
70. Small M, Alzaid A, MacCuish AC. Diabetic hyperosmolar non-ketotic decompensation. Q J Med 1988 Mar;66(251):251-257. (Retrospective; 22 patients)
71. Levine SN, Sanson TH. Treatment of hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar non-ketotic syndrome. Drugs 1989 Sep;38(3):462-472. (Review)
    
72. Scibilia J, Finegold D, Dorman J, et al. Why do children with diabetes die? Acta Endocrinol Suppl (Copenh) 1986;279:326-333. (Retrospective; 55 cases)
73. * Wiggam MI, O’Kane MJ, Harper R, et al. Treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis using normalization of blood 3-hydroxybutyrate concentration as the endpoint of emergency management. A randomized controlled study. Diabetes Care 1997 Sep;20(9):1347-1352. (Randomized, controlled trial; 22 adult patients [11 in each study arm])
74. Kitabchi AE, Young R, Sacks H, et al. Diabetic ketoacidosis: reappraisal of therapeutic approach. Annu Rev Med 1979;30:339-357. (Review)
75. Morris LR, Murphy MB, Kitabchi AE. Bicarbonate therapy in severe diabetic ketoacidosis. Ann Intern Med 1986 Dec;105(6):836-840. (Randomized, controlled trial; 21 adult patients)
76. Viallon A, Zeni F, Lafond P, et al. Does bicarbonate therapy improve the management of severe diabetic ketoacidosis? Crit Care Med 1999 Dec;27(12):2690-2693. (Retrospective; 39 patients)
77. Van Gaal L, De Leeuwen I, Beaker J. Serum potassium levels in untreated diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetoliga 1981;21:338A. (Retrospective; 22 cases)
78. Fisher JN, Kitabchi AE. A randomized study of phosphate therapy in the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1983 Jul;57(1):177-180. (Randomized, controlled trial; 30 patients)
79. Wilson HK, Keuer SP, Lea AS, et al. Phosphate therapy in diabetic ketoacidosis. Arch Intern Med 1982 Mar;142(3):517-520. (Randomized, controlled trial; 44 patients)
80. Zipf WB, Bacon GE, Spencer ML, et al. Hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and transient hypoparathyroidism during therapy with potassium phosphate in diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetes Care 1979 May- Jun;2(3):265-268. (Case report)
81. Bell DR, Woods RL, Levi JA. cis-Diamminedichloroplatinum-induced hypomagnesemia and renal magnesium wasting. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1985 Mar;21(3):287-290. (Prospective; 50 patients; describes symptoms of hypomagnesemia well)
82. Pinies JA, Cairo G, Gaztambide S, et al. Course and prognosis of 132 patients with diabetic non ketotic hyperosmolar state. Diabetes Metab 1994 Jan-Feb;20(1):43-48. (Retrospective; 132 cases)
83. Carroll P, Matz R. Adult respiratory distress syndrome complicating severely uncontrolled diabetes mellitus: report of nine cases and a review of the literature. Diabetes Care 1982 Nov-Dec;5(6):574-580. (Case report; 9 patients)
84. Oh MS, Carroll HJ, Uribarri J. Mechanism of normochloremic and hyperchloremic acidosis in diabetic ketoacidosis. Nephron 1990;54(1):1- 6. (Review)
85. Kitches CS. Concepts of hypercoagulability: A review of its development, clinical application, and recent progress. Semin Thromb Hemostas 1985;11:293-315. (Review)
86. Lavis VR, D’Souza D, Brown SD. Decompensated diabetes. New features of an old problem. Circulation 1994 Dec;90(6):3108-3112. (Review, clinical conference)
87. DeFronzo RA, Matsuda M, Barret EJ. Diabetic ketoacidosis A combined metabolic-nephrologic approach to therapy. Diabetes Rev 1994;2:209-238. (Review)
88. Rosenbloom AL. Intracerebral crises during treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetes Care 1990 Jan;13(1):22-33. (Retrospective; 69 cases)
89. Edge JA. Cerebral oedema during treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis: are we any nearer finding a cause? Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2000 Sep- Oct;16(5):316-324. (Review)
90. Mahoney CP, Vlcek BW, DelAguila M. Risk factors for developing brain herniation during diabetic ketoacidosis. Pediatr Neurol 1999 Oct;21(4):721-727. (Retrospective; 153 children)
91. * Edge JA, Hawkins MM, Winter DL, et al. The risk and outcome of cerebral oedema developing during diabetic ketoacidosis. Arch Dis Child 2001 Jul;85(1):16-22. (Prospective, population-based statistical study; 20 children with DKA and cerebral edema)
92. Duck SC, Wyatt DT. Factors associated with brain herniation in the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis. J Pediatr 1988 Jul;113(1 Pt 1):10-14. (Retrospective [33 cases]; case report [9 cases])
93. Arieff AI, Kleeman CR. Studies on mechanisms of cerebral edema in diabetic comas. Effects of hyperglycemia and rapid lowering of plasma glucose in normal rabbits. J Clin Invest 1973 Mar;52(3):571-583.(Animal study)
94. Arieff AI, Kleeman CR. Cerebral edema in diabetic comas. II. Effects of hyperosmolality, hyperglycemia and insulin in diabetic rabbits. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1974 Jun;38(6):1057-1067. (Animal study)
95. Rother KI, Schwenk WF 2nd. Effect of rehydration fluid with 75 mmol/L of sodium on serum sodium concentration and serum osmolality in young patients with diabetic ketoacidosis. Mayo Clin Proc 1994 Dec;69(12):1149-1153. (Retrospective; 18 episodes)
96. Felner EI, White PC. Improving management of diabetic ketoacidosis in children. Pediatrics 2001 Sep;108(3):735-740. (Retrospective; 520 patients)
97. Rosenbloom AL. Cerebral edema in diabetic ketoacidosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:508-509. (Editorial, case report; 2 cases)
98. * Rutledge J, Couch R. Initial fluid management of diabetic ketoacidosis in children. Am J Emerg Med 2000 Oct;18(6):658-660. (Retrospective; 49 cases of DKA in 37 patients)
99. Glasgow AM. Devastating cerebral edema in diabetic ketoacidosis before therapy. Diabetes Care 1991 Jan;14(1):77-78. (Letter, case report)
    
100. Couch RM, Acott PD, Wong GW. Early onset fatal cerebral edema in diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetes Care 1991 Jan;14(1):78-79. (Letter, case report)
101. Edge JA, Ford-Adams ME, Dunger DB. Causes of death in children with insulin dependent diabetes 1990-96. Arch Dis Child 1999 Oct;81(4):318-323. (Retrospective; 83 deaths caused by diabetes)
102. Clements RS Jr, Blumenthal SA, Morrison AD, et al. Increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure during therapy for diabetic acidosis. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 1971;84:102-112. (Case report)
103. Fein IA, Rachow EC, Sprung CL, et al. Relation of colloid osmotic pressure to arterial hypoxemia and cerebral edema during crystalloid volume loading of patients with diabetic ketoacidosis. Ann Intern Med 1982 May;96(5):570-575. (Prospective; 18 patients)
104. Hoffman WH, Pluta RM, Fisher AQ, et al. Transcranial Doppler ultrasound assessment of intracranial hemodynamics in children with diabetic ketoacidosis. J Clin Ultrasound 1995 Nov-Dec;23(9):517-523. (Convenience sample)
105. Hoffman WH, Steinhart CM, el Gammal T, et al. Cranial CT in children and adolescents with diabetic ketoacidosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1988 Jul-Aug;9(4):733-739. (Convenience sample; 9 patients)
106. Hoffman WH, Casanova MF, Bauza JA, et al. Computer analysis of magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in children and adolescents after treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis. J Diabetes Complications 1999 Jul-Aug;13(4):176-181. (Convenience sample; 6 patients)
107. Duck SC, Kohler E. Cerebral edema in diabetic ketoacidosis. J Pediatr 1981 Apr;98(4):674-676. (Letter)
108. Franklin B, Liu J, Ginsberg-Fellner F. Cerebral edema and ophthalmoplegia reversed by mannitol in a new case of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Pediatrics 1982 Jan;69(1):87-90. (Case report)
109. Wood EG, Go-Wingkun J, Luisiri A, et al. Symptomatic cerebral swelling complicating diabetic ketoacidosis documented by intraventricular pressure monitoring: survival without neurologic sequela. Pediatr Emerg Care 1990 Dec;6(4):285-288. (Case report)
110. Matz R. Management of the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome. Am Fam Physician 1999 Oct 1;60(5):1468-1476. (Review)
111. Inward CD, Chambers TL. Fluid management in diabetic ketoacidosis. Arch Dis Child 2002 Jun;86(6):443-444. (Review)
112. LaPorte RE, Matsushima M, Chang Y-F. Prevalence and incidence of insulin dependent diabetes. http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/ pubs/America/pdf/chapter3.pdf. (Statistical analysis)
113. * Magee MF, Bhatt BA. Management of decompensated diabetes. Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome. Crit Care Clin 2001 Jan;17(1):75-106. (Review)
114. U.S. preventative services task force. Screening for gestational diabetes: Recommendations and rationale. http://www.ahcpr.gov/clinic/ 3rduspstf/gdmrr.pdf. (Consensus practice guidelines)
115. Delaney MF, Zisman A, Kettyle WM. Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2000 Dec;29(4):683-705, V. (Review)
116. * No authors listed. Standards of medical care in diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004 Jan;27(Suppl 1):S15-S35. (Position statement, clinical guideline)
117. White NH. Diabetic ketoacidosis in children. Endocrinol Metab Clin
     North Am 2000 Dec;29(4):657-682. (Review)
118. * Adler E, Paauw D. Medical myths involving diabetes. Prim Care 2003 Sep;30(3):607-618. (Review)
119. Kapoor M, Chan GZ. Fluid and electrolyte abnormalities. Crit Care Clin 2001 Jul;17(3):503-529. (Review)
120. Trence DL, Hirsch IB. Hyperglycemic crises in diabetes mellitus type 2. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2001 Dec;30(4):817-831. (Review)
121. No authors listed. Inhaled insulin could become a reality soon. Diabetes Monitor http://www.diabetesmonitor.com/inhaledi.htm. (News release of phase III trials)
122. No authors listed. VA researchers develop potential gene therapy for diabetes. VA Research and Development http://www1.va.gov/resdev/ highlights/diabetes.htm. (News release of animal studies)
123. Gano S. Artificial pancreas. Energy Science News http://www.pnl.gov/ energyscience/06-01/ws.htm. (News release)