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<< Wound Care: Modern Evidence In The Treatment Of Man’s Age-Old Injuries

References

Evidence-based medicine requires a critical appraisal of the literature based upon study methodology and number of subjects. Not all references are equally robust. The findings of a large, prospective, randomized, and blinded trial should carry more weight than a case report.

To help the reader judge the strength of each reference, pertinent information about the study, such as the type of study and the number of patients in the study, will be included in bold type following the reference, where available. In addition, the most informative references cited in the paper, as determined by the authors, will be noted by an asterisk (*) next to the reference number.

  1. McCaig LF, Strussman BJ. National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 1996 emergency department summary. Advance data from vital and health statistics. No. 293. Hyattasville, MD: NationalCenter for Health Statistics, 1997. (Observational)
  2. Hollander JE, Singer AJ, Valentine S, et al. Wound Registry: development and validation. Ann Emerg Med 1995;25:675-685. (Prospective cohort study, 100 patients)
  3. * Hollander JE, Singer AJ. State of the art laceration management. Ann Emerg Med 1999;34:356-367. (Review)
  4. Singer AJ, Mach C, Thode HC, et al. Patient priorities with traumatic lacerations. Am J Emerg Med 2000;18(6):683-686. (Prospective, observational, 724 patients)
  5. * Cummings P, Del Beccarro MA. Antibiotics to prevent infection of simple wounds: a meta-analysis of randomized studies. Am J Emerg Med 1995;13:396-340. (Meta-analysis, 7 studies, 1734 patients)
  6. Howell JM, Chisholm CD. Outpatient wound preparation and care: a national survey. Ann Emerg Med 1992;21(8):976-981. (Observational survey)
  7. Singer AJ, Hollander JE, Valentine SM, et al. Association of training level and short-term cosmetic appearance of repaired lacerations. Acad Emer Med 1996;3(4):378-383. (Retrospective, 552 patients)
  8. DeLemos D. Closure of skin wounds with sutures. UptoDate [serial online]. 2004; Version 12.3. Available at: http://www.uptodate.com. Accessed March 24, 2005. (Review)
  9. Simon B. Principles of wound management. In: Rosen P, Barkin R, eds. Emergency Medicine Concepts and Clinical Practice. 3rd ed. St Louis, MO: CV Mosby; 1992:304. (Textbook chapter)
  10. Hale D, Sipprell K. Ability of EMT-Bs to determine which wounds can be repaired in the Field. Prehosp Emerg Care 2000;4(3):245-249.
  11. Cyr SJ, Hensly D, Benedetti GE. Treatment of Field Water with Sodium Hypochlorite for Surgical Irrigation. J Trauma 2004;57(2):231- 235.
  12. Forgey WW. Practice Guidelines for Wilderness Emergency Care. 2nd ed. Old Saybrook, Conn: Globe Peqout Press; 2001:18-20. (Guideline)
  13. Bowen T, Bellamy RF. Emergency War Surgery, NATO Handbook, 2nd revision. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office; 1988. (Text, guideline)
  14. * Capellan O, Hollander JE. Management of lacerations in the emergency department. Emerg Med Clinics Noth Amer 2003;21(1):205-231. (Review)
  15. Cruse PJ, Foord R. A five year prospective study of 23,649 surgical wounds. Arch Surg 1973;107:206-209. (Prospective, 23,649 patients)
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  17. Hollander JE, Singer AJ, Valentine SM, et al. Risk factors for infection in patients with traumatic lacerations. Acad Emerg Med 2001;8:716-720. (Cross-sectional study, 5921 patients)
  18. Talan DA, Abrahamian FM, Moran GJ, et al. Tetanus immunity and physician compliance with tetanus prophylaxis practices among emergency department patients presenting with wounds. Ann Emerg Med 2004;43(3):305-314. (Prospective, observational)
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  26. Lammers RL, Hudson DL, Seaman ME. Prediction of traumatic wound infection with a neural network-derived decision model. Am J Emerg Med 2003;21(1):1-7. (Prospective cohort study, 1142 wounds)
  27. * American College of Emergency Physicians: Clinical Policy for the Initial Approach to Patients Presenting with Penetrating Extremity Trauma. Ann Emerg Med 1999;33(5):612-636. (Guideline/Policy)
  28. Cardany CR, Rodeheaver G, Thacker J, et al. The crush injury: Thehigh risk wound. JACEP 1976;5:965-970. (Experimental-animal model)
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  33. Rutherford WH, Spence R. Infection in wounds sutured in the accident and emergency department. Ann Emerg Med 1980;9:350-352. (Prospective, observational, 500 patients)
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  40. Bartfield JM, Gennis P, Barbera J, et al. Buffered versus plain lidocaine as a local anesthetic for simple laceration repair. Ann Emerg Med 1990;19:1387-1389. (Prospective, randomized, 91 patients)
  41. Scarfone RJ, Jasani M, Gracely EJ. Pain of Local Anesthetics: Rate of Administration and Buffering. Ann Emerg Med 1998;31(1);36-40.(Prospective, single blind 42 subjects)
  42. Kelly A-M, Cohen M, Richards D. Minimizing the pain of local infiltration anesthesia for wounds by injection into the wound edges. J Emerg Med 1994;12:593-595. (Prospective, randomized, 81 patients)
  43. Brogan GX, Singer AJ, Valentine SM, et al. Comparison of wound infection rates using plain versus buffered lidocaine for anesthesia of traumatic wounds. Am J Emerg Med 1997;15:25-28. (Observational cohort, 2711 patients)
  44. Parr AM, Zoutman DE, Davidson JS. Antimicribial activity of lidocaineagainst bacteria associated with nosocomial wound infection. Ann Plast Surg 1999;43(3):239-245. (Experimental study)
  45. Sakuragi T, Ishino H, Dan K. Bactericidal activity of clinically usedlocal anesthetics on Staphylococcus aureus. Reg Anesth 1996;21(3):239- 242. (Experimental)
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  48. Stratford AF, Zoutman DE, Davidson JS. Effect of lidocaine and epinephrine on staphylococcus aureus in a guinea pig model of surgical wound infection. Plas Reconstruc Surg 2002;110(5):1275-1279. (Experimental, animal model)
  49. Cheney PR, Molzen G, Tandberg D. The effect of buffering on reducing the pain associated with subcutaneous infiltration of Bupivicaine. Am J Emerg Med 1991;9(2):147-148.
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  52. Amsler E, Flahault A, Mathelier-Fusade P, et al. Evaluation of rechallenge in patients with suspected lidocaine allergy. Dermatology 2004;208(2):109-111. (Observational, 199 patients)
  53. Rood JP. Adverse reaction to dental local anaesthetic injection--’allergy’ is not the cause. Br Dent J 2000 Oct 14;189(7):380-384. (Observational)
  54. Gall H, Kaufman R, Kalveram CM. Adverse reactions to local anesthetics: analysis of 197 cases. J Allergy Immunol 1996;97(4):933-937. (Observational/allergy testing, 197 patients)
  55. Ernst AA, Marvez-Valls E, Mall G, et al. 1% Lidocaine versus 0.55 diphenhydramine for local anesthesia in minor laceration repair. Ann Emerg Med 1994;23(6):1328-1332. (Prospective, double-blind, 98 patients)
  56. Xia Y, Chen E, Tibbits DL, et al. Comparison of effects of lidocaine hydrochloride, buffered lidocaine, diphenhydramine, and normal saline after intradermal injection. J Clin Anesth 2002;14(5):339-343. (Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 40 subjects)
  57. Singer AJ, Hollander JE. Infiltration pain and local anesthetic effects of buffered vs plain 1% diphenhydramine. Acad Emerg Med 1995;2(10):884-888. (Prospective, randomized, double-blind, 30 subjects)
  58. Bonadio WA. Safe and effective method for application of tetracaine, adrenaline and cocaine to oral lacerations. Ann Emerg Med 1996;28(4):396-398. (Prospective case series, 22 patients)
  59. Bonadio WA. TAC: a review. Pediatr Emerg Care 1989;5:128. (Review) 
  60. Ernst AA, Marvez E, Nick TG, et al. Lidocaine, adrenaline tetracaine gel versus tetracaine adrenaline cocaine gel for topical naesthesia in linear scalp and facial lacerations in children aged 5 to 17 years. Pediatrics 1995;95:255. (Prospective, randomized, 95 patients)
  61. Ernst AA, Marvez-Valls E, Nick TG, et al. LAT versus TAC for topicalanesthesia in face and scalp lacerations. Am J Emerg Med 1995;13:151-154. (Prospective, randomized, 95 patients)
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  71. Courter BJ. Radiographic screening for glass foreign bodies-what does a “negative” foreign body series really mean? Ann Emerg Med 1990;19(9):997-1000. (Experimental)
  72. Arbona N, Jedrzynskim, Frankfather R, et al. Is Glass visible on plain radiographs? A cadaver study. J Foot Ankle Surg 1999;38(4):264-270. (Experimental)
  73. Swischuk LE, Jorgenson F, Jorgenson A, et al. Wooden splinter induced“pseudotumors” and “osteomyelitis-like lesions” of bone and soft tissue. Amer J Roentgenol 1974;122(1):176-179. (Case report)
  74. Cracchiolo A. Wooden foreign bodies in the foot. Am J Surg1980;140(4):585-587. (Case series)
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  78. Fornage BD, Schernberg FL. Sonographic preoperative localization of a foreign body in the hand. J Ultrasound Med 1987;6(4):217-219. (Case report)
  79. Fornage BD, Schernberg FL. Sonographic diagnosis of foreign bodiesof the distal extremities. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1986;147(3):567-569. (Review)
  80. Gooding GA, Hardiman T, Sumers M, et al. Sonography of the handand foot in foreign body detection. J Ultrasound Med 1987;6(8):441- 447. (Review)
  81. Gilbert FJ, Campbell RS, Bayliss AP. The role of ultrasound in the detection of non-radiopaque foreign bodies. Clin Radiol 1990;41(2):109- 112. (Case series, 50 cases)
  82. Schlager D, Sanders AB, Wiggins D, et al. Ultrasound for the detection of foreign bodies. Ann Emerg Med 1991;20(2):189-191. (Experimental, 120 US observations)
  83. Lammers RL. Soft tissue foreign bodies. Ann Emerg Med 1988;17(12):1336-1347. (Review)
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  85. Yardley PA. A brief history of wound healing. Oxford Clinical Communications 1998. (Historical review)
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  87. Stevenson TR, Thacker JG, Rodeheaver GT, et al. Cleansing the traumatic wound by high pressure syringe irrigation. JACEP 1976;5:17-21. (Experimental-animal model )
  88. Brown LL, Shelton HT, Borisade GH, et al. Evaluation of wound irrigation by pulsatile jet and conventional methods. Ann Surg 1977;187:170-173. (Experimental-animal model, 200 animals)
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  93. * Longmire AW, Broom LA, Burch J. Wound Infection Following High-Pressure Syringe and Needle Irrigation. Am J Emerg Med 1987;5(2):179-181. (Prospective, randomized, 267 patients)
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  100. Rogers DM, Blovin GS, O’Leary JP. Povidine iodine wound irrigation and wound sepsis. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1983;157:426-430. (Prospective, randomized, 187 patients)
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  139. Ruthman JC, Hendricksen D, Miller RF, et al. Effect of cap and mask on infection rates in wounds sutured in the emergency department. IMJ Ill Med J 1984 Jun;165(6):397-399. (Prospective, randomized)
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  150. Murphy PG, Tadros E, Cross S, et al. Skin closure and the incidence of groin wound infection: a prospective study. Ann Vasc Surg 1995;9(5):480-482. (Prospective, randomized, 114 patients)
  151. Singer Aj, Quinn JV, Thode HC, et al. Determinants of poor outcome after laceration and surgical incision repair. Plas Recons Surg 2002;110(2):429-435. (Data reanalysis of prospective, randomized, 814 patients)
  152. Milewski PJ, Thomson H. Is a fat stitch necessary? Br J Surg 1980;67:393-394. (Prospective, randomized, 208 patients)
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